THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
vice of extortion to come to the surface, which also debased high state offices to a mercenary footing. In Jan., 350, the chief commander of the Jovians and Herculians, the German Magnentius, made an uprising in Autun, assumed the purple, and caused the fleeing emperor to be struck down by murderers in the church of Helena. In the autumn of the next year this new dominion collapsed in the victorious battle near !Mursa, and Constantius thereby became sov ereign of aU the empire. Destiny had spared the most valiant of the three brothers for this difficult task. As he died childless, the proper dynasty of Constantine vanishes with Constantius from the field of history. Victor Schultze.
Bibliography: Early sources are the " Life of Constantine " by Eusebius, and the Hist. eccl. of the two writers Socrates and Sozomen, all in Eng. transl. in NPNF, 2d series, vols, i.-ii. Consult: J. Burckhardt, Die Zeit Konstantins des Groasen, Leipsic, 1880; T. Keim, Der Uehertritt Konstantim des Grossen zum Christentum, Zurich, 1862; A. P. Stanley, History of the Eastern Church, Lecture vi., London, 1862; T. Zahn, Konstantin der Grosse und die Kirche, Hanover, 1876; E. L. Cutts, Constantine, London, 1S81 (popular); V. Schultze, in ZKG. vii (1885), 343-371, viii (1SS6), 517-542; idem, Geschichte des Unterganges des griechisch-romischen Heidentums, vol. i.-ii., Jena, 1887; O. Seeck, Geschichte des Unterganges der antiken Welt, vol. i., Berlin, 1897; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chaps, xiv., xvii.-xxi.; Schaff, Christian Church, vol. iii., chap, i.; DCB, i. 623-654. On the vision of Constantine consult: Abb^ du Voisin, Dissertation critique sur la vision de Constantin, Paris, 1774; J. H. Newman, in Two Essays on Miracles, pp. 271-286, London, 1873.
CONSTANTINE : The name of two popes.
Constantine I.: Pope 708-715. He was a Syrian by birth, consecrated Mar. 25, 708. He steadfastly adhered to the traditional papal policy toward both the Italian bishops and the Eastern emperor. Felix of Ravenna, having obtained consecration from him without furnishing the undertakings required by the emperor, was blinded by order of Justinian II. and banished to Pontus, whence he was able to return, after Justinian's death, only by assenting to the declaration required of him by Constantine, who also supported the bishop of Pavia against Benedict of Milan because he wished to enforce his own claim to jurisdiction over Pavia. The emperor commanded him to appear in Constantinople, probably to extort his assent to the Trullan canons, which had been rejected by Rome. He bore himself with discretion, and maintained the attitude of his predecessors during his two years' absence (709-711). The next emperor, Philippicus Bardanes, himself a Monothelite, attempted to impose that heresy on his subjects, but was steadily opposed by Constantine, who, by making his opposition dogmatic and not political, acquired a commanding influence among the contending factions. On the fall of Philippicus, his successor, Anastasius, hastened to send to Rome an orthodox profession, in which the patriarch John of Constantinople joined. Constantine died Apr. 9, 715, and was buried in St. Peter's.
(A. Hatjck.)
Bibliography; Liber pontificalis, ed. T. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 2li2-226; Jaffd, Regesta, i. 247; Paulus Diaoonu.s, Historia Langobardorum, vi. 31, ed. G. Waitz, in M(1H . Script, rer. Lanonh., vi., pp. 12-187, 1878; F. Gregorovius, History of llic Citi/ of Rome, ii. 201- 202, 212, London, 1894; Bower, Popes, ii. 14-20; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 290-291; Mann, Popes, 127-140.
Constantine II. : Pope 767-768. Though a layman, he was chosen pope by the influence of a faction immediately after the death of Paul I. and was consecrated July 5, 767. He was but the creature of his ambitious brother Toto, duke of Nepi, and as soon as the opposition, headed by officials of the previous pope, could organize (July 28, 768), he was overthrown by an armed onset. Toto was killed, and Constantine sought sanctuary in a church, from which he was dragged by the soldiery. Sentence of deposition was pronounced upon him, with imprisonment in a monastery, where he was set upon and blinded, though he lived until the next year at least, when he tried in vain to make his peace with his successor Stephen III. (IV.). [By Roman Catholic writers he is not considered a strictly legitimate pope.] (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, i. 468 sqq., Paris, 1886; Mansi, Concilia, xii. 717-718; Jaffd, Regesta, p. 283; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, ii. 322-330, London, 1894; Bower, Popes, ii. 114-115; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 432-435; Mann, I. ii. 362 sqq.