THE NEW
SCHAFMERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editors')
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
JAMES FRANCIS MISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
{Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
CompId^^GC^TwI^rWLumcs
FUNK A
NEW Y0
THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
{Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
{Department of Minor Denominations)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
VOLUME IV DRAESEKE — GOA
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON
Copyright, 1909, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England
[Printed in the United States of America} Published August, 1909
EDITORS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief. ) Professor of Church History, New York University.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
Editor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on "The New International Encyclopedia," New York.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME IV
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology.)
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological
Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations.)
Formerly Corresponding Secretary of the Board of Foreign
Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, New York.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) President of St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y.
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament.) Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary
(Baylor University), Waco, Tex.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc..
New York City.
CONTBIBUTOBS AND COLLABOKATOKS, VOLUME IV
ERNST CHRISTIAN ACHELIS, Th.D.,
Professor of Practical Theology, University of Marburg.
HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Theology, University of Halle.
WILLIAM ADAMSON, D.D.,
Pastor of the Carver Memorial Church, Windermere, England.
WILHELM ALTMANN, Ph.D.,
Director of the Deutsche Muslksammlung, Berlin.
SAMUEL JAMES ANDREWS (f), D.D.,
Late Pastor of the Catholic Apostolic Church, Hartford, Conn.
FERENCZ BALOGH,
Professor of Church History, Reformed Theological Academy, Dehreczin, Hungary.
EDOUARD BARDE (f), Late Professor of New Testament Exegesis, School of Theology, Geneva.
GEORGE JAMES BAYLES, Ph.D.,
Writer on Civil Church Law.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
JOHANNES BELSHEIM,
Pastor Emeritus, Christiania, Norway.
KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Theology, University of Konigsberg.
IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BEN- ZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.
CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,
Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.
BERNHARD BESS, Th.Lic,
Librarian of the University of Halle.
EMIL BLOESCH (f), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, Bern.
HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.
AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.
GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Gottingen.
GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Retired Pastor, Stuttgart.
VI
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME IV
FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen.