THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Nowack, Hebraische Archaologie, §§ 20-21, Freiberg, 1894; H. B. Tristram, Eastern Customs in Bible Lands, pp. 155-170, London, 1894; DB, i. 623-629; EB, i. 1135 sqq.
DREWS, PAUL GOTTFRIED: German Protestant; b. at Eibenstock (60 m. s.e. of Leipsic) May 8, 1858. He studied at Leipsic and Gottingen 1S78-81, and after being a private tutor became a member of the clergy staff of St. Pauli in Leipsic in 1SS3. He was pastor at Burkau 1SS3-89, and at Dresden 1889-94. In 1894 he became professor extraordinary of homiletics and catechetics at Jena, in 1901 professor of practical theology at Giessen, and in 1908 he accepted a call to the University of Halle. He has written Willibald Pirkheimers Stellung zur Reformation (Leipsic, 1887); Humanismus und Reformation (1887); Christus, unser Leben (2 vols., Gottingen, 1894-1901); Disputationen Dr. Martin Luthers in den Jahren 1535 bis 1545 an der Universitat Wittenberg gehalten (1895); Das kirchliche Leben der evangelisch-lutherischen Landeskirche des Kbnigreichs Sachsen (vol. i. of his Evangelische Kirchenkunde ; Tubingen, 1902); Studien zur Geschichte des Gottesdienstes und des gottesdienstlichen Lebens (3 parts, 1902-06); Die Ordination, Lehrverpflichtung und Prilfung der Ordinanden in Wittenberg 1535 (Giessen, 1904); Der evangelische Geistliche in der deutschen Vergangenheit (Jena, 1905); and Der Einfluss der gesellschaftlichen Zustdnde auf das kirchliche Leben (Tubingen, 1906). He has likewise been a joint editor of the Monatsschrijt fur die kirchliche Praxis since 1901.
DREY, JOHANN SEBASTIAN VON: Roman Catholic; b. at Killingen (near Ellwangen, 45 m. e.n.e. of Stuttgart) Oct. 16, 1777; d. at Tubingen Feb. 19, 1853. He studied theology at Augsburg, was ordained priest in 1801, and in 1812 was appointed professor of theology at Ellwangen. When this institution was disbanded in 1817 he became professor at Tubingen, holding this position till 1846, when he retired. With his colleagues Gratz, Herbst, and Hirscher he founded the Theologische Quartalschrift in 1819. His principal work was on Christian apologetics (2 vols., Mainz, 1838-43; 2d ed. enlarged, 3 vols., 1847).
DRISCOLL, JAMES FRANCIS: Roman Catholic; b. at East Poultney, Vt., Sept. 30, 1859. He studied at Montreal College (B.A., Laval University, 1881), the Grand Seminaire, Montreal (1881-84), the Seminaire St. Sulpice, Paris (1884- 1886; bachelor of theology and canon law, Institut Catholique, Paris, 1886), Minerva University, Rome (1886-88), Universita Reale, Rome (1886- 1888), New York University (1897-1900), Johns Hopkins University (1901-02), and the Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. (1901- 1902). He was professor of dogmatic theology and Hebrew in the Theological Seminary of Montreal (1889-96), professor of the same subjects in St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie, N. Y. (1896-99), and of Holy Scripture and Hebrew in the same institution (1899-1901), professor of Scripture in St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Md. (1901-02), and at the same time professor of Semitic languages in St. Austin's College, Washington, D. C. Since
1902 he has been president and professor of moral theology in St. Joseph's Seminary. He was chairman of the Seminary Board in the annual conference for the promotion of Catholic education in 1905-06. In theological position he is " Roman Catholic, but of liberal progressive views— frankly welcoming all the reasonably established claims of modern scholarship in the field of science, philosophy, historical and Biblical criticism, etc." He has been editor of The New York Review since 1905.
DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES: Church of England; b. at Southampton Oct. 2, 1846. He studied at Winchester College and New College, Oxford (B.A., 1869), where he was fellow 1870-82 and tutor 1875-S2. Since 1882 he has been regius professor of Hebrew and canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He was a member of the Old Testament Revision Company 1876-84, and examining chaplain to the bishop of Southwell 1884-1904. He has written A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (London, 1874); Isaiah : Life, Times, and Writings which bear his Name (1888); Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (Oxford, 1890); Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament (Edinburgh, 1891); Sermons on Subjects connected with the Old Testament (London, 1892); Deuteronomy (1895); and Authority and Archwology, Sacred and Profane (in collaboration with D. G. Hogarth; 1899). He also edited the commentary of Moses ben Shesheth on Jeremiah and Ezekiel (London, 1871); The Holy Bible, with various Renderings and Readings from the best Authorities (1876); The Fifty-third Chapter of Isaiah according to the Jewish Interpreters (in collaboration with A. D. Neubauer; 1877): The Book of Proverbs attributed to Abraham ibn Ezra (1880); Leviticus , in The Polychrome Bible (2 vols., 1894-97); The Parallel Psalter (1898); Daniel, Joel, and Amos, in The Cambridge Bible for Schools (Cambridge, 1900-01); Genesis, in The Westminster Commentaries (London, 1904); Deuteronomy and Joshua, in R. Kittel's BibliaHebraica (Leipsic, 1905); The Minor Prophets, in The Century Bible (London, 1906); The Book of Job (1906) ; and The Book of theProphet Jeremiah (1906). He likewise collaborated with F. Brown and C. A. Briggs in A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (12 parts, Oxford, 1892-1905), and was a member of the editorial board of J. Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols., Edinburgh, 1898- 1904) and of the Studia Biblica (Oxford, 1885 sqq.).
DROSTE-VISCHERING, dros'te-fish'er-ing.
Activity at Miinster (§1). Mixed Marriages (§ 2). Archbishop of Cologne (§ 3). The University of Bonn (§ 4). Droste-Vischering's Downfall (§ 5).
Clemens August, Freiherr von Droste-Vischering, archbishop of Cologne, was born at Miinster Jan. 21, 1773; d. there Oct. 19, 1845. Descended from a strict Roman Catholic family, he was ordained priest in 1798, and in 1810 became coadjutor to the acting bishop of Miinster, who was ill and died Sept. 16. Droste-Vischering was elected his successor, but when Miinster came under French rule in the same year the existing diocesan ad-