RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Eustasius Euthalius
and dared to oppose his enemies in sermons and open letters although the favor of the court was evidently on their side. When under Jovian and in the first period of Valens the Homoiousian party gathered again, Eustathius was one of its most energetic leaders, and when the edict of Valens in 365 again expelled all bishops who had been deposed under Constantius, Eustathius as deputy of several Homoiousian synods went to Rome in 366 and testified to his own and their consent to the Nicene Creed. Nevertheless a rupture took place in 373 between Eustathius and Basil since the latter had become a friend of Meletius of Antioch, the former opponent and rival of Eustathius. There was also a dogmatic difference between them concerning the Holy Spirit. Eustathius considered the Holy Spirit neither created nor divine, but kept aloof from both extremes and became the leader of the Pneumatomachi (see Macedonians and the Macedonian Sect) in Asia Minor. He made the impression in large circles of an attractive personality and an efficient preacher, as the leader of the first monks, and as the founder of one of the first hospitals (in Sebaste).
(F. Loops.)
Bibliography: Sources of knowledge are Socrates, Hist, eccl., ii. 43, and Sozomen, Hist, eccl., iii. 14 (both in NPNF, 2d ser., vol. ii.). Consult: Tillemont, Memoires, vol. ix.; H. M. Gwatkin, Studies of Arianism, Cambridge, 1882; F. Loofs, Eustathius von Sebaste und die Chronologie der Basilius-Briefe, Halle, 1898; DCB, ii. 383-387 (censorious); KL, iv. 1017-19.
EUSTATHIUS OF THESSALONICA: Greek metropolitan; b. at Constantinople, early in the twelfth century; d. at Thessalonica between 1192 and 1194. He seems to have been originally a monk in the cloister of St. Florus in Constantinople, as well as deacon of St. Sophia and teacher of rhetoric, and he likewise held the court position of Master of Petitions. In 1175 he was appointed bishop of Myra in Lycia, but before his consecration the emperor made him the successor of Constantius as metropolitan of Thessalonica, a position which he held for the remainder of his life. About 1180 the emperor Manuel protested formally against the formula of abjuration in which the God of Mohammed was anathematized as a " wholly hammered God " (theos holosphuros, i.e., the massive, compact, not begetting and not begotten God), considering it blasphemous and offensive to converts from Islam. Eustathius, however, boldly opposed him at a synod and justified the anathema, though without losing favor at court. During the siege and sack of Thessalonica by the Normans under William II. of Sicily (1185), the metropolitan remained at his post, protecting his flock and checking the fury of the conquerors, as he himself recounts in his De Thessalonica urbe a Norrnannis capta. Despite this, he met with much opposition, and he may even have been driven from his see for a time, thus accounting for the fact that some of his works were written elsewhere than in Thessalonica. As monk, bishop, theologian, and author, Eustathius rose superior to his contemporaries, and he opposed with all his might the formalism which threatened the welfare of his Church, writing
in this spirit his treatise " On Hypocrisy " as well as his still more important " Consideration of Monastic Life." He was the author of many other works, including a famous commentary on the Homeric poems. (Philipp Meyer.)
Bibliography: His De Thessalonica is in MPG, cxxxvi. For his other works and literature on them, and his life, consult Krumbacher, Geschichte, pp. 536-541.
EUSTOCHIUM. See Paula.
EUTHALIUS, yu-tM'li-us: The putative author of certain matter introductory to the Epistles of Paul, the Catholic Epistles, and the Acts, comparable to the Masorah of the Old Testament. As pointed out by Dean Robinson, the material has grown gradually. First a new system of writing the New Testament books was adopted from the schools of grammar and rhetoric; to facilitate the public reading in service, only so much was put in one line as could be pronounced in one breath, in place of the lines of equal length without punctuation or word division of the older manuscripts (N, B, A, C). Jerome did the same for the Latin text and Hesychius of Jerusalem in the sixth century for the Greek prophets. The first " Euthalius " supplied about the middle of the fourth century tables of chapters and of the Old Testament quotations in the New Testament, with three prologues to the Epistles and Acts, including biographical and chronological researches. In 396 a short account of Paul's martyrdom was added and perhaps other parts of the work, as the Stichometry (q.v.) and the collation with the famous Codex Pamphili at Csesarea, also the division of " the Apostle " into fifty-seven lections (Gk. anagnoseis). The so-called hypotheseis {argumenta), short introductions to each book, originally a part of the pseudo-Athanasian Synopsis scripturce sacra, were afterward incorporated in the Euthalian apparatus in most Greek manuscripts and in the commentary of the so-called Oecumenius.
According to Zaccagni " Euthalius " was a deacon of Alexandria when he edited the Pauline epistles (458), and bishop of Sulke (an unknown Egyptian city, perhaps Pselche) in the time of Athanasius II. of Alexandria (489-496) when he published the Acts and Catholic Epistles. This theory was based upon a chronological datum found in only a few manuscripts of the Martyrium Pauli and now generally held to be a late addition. Ehrhard supposed " Euthalius " to be an intentional alteration of " Evagrius " (found in Codex H and a Naples MS.), made when Evagrius Ponticus (q.v.) came to be suspected of heresy. Von Soden proposed a new solution of the problem. There was a Bishop Euthalius of Sulci in Sardinia in the seventh century whose confession of faith, composed in the time of the Monothelite controversy, Wobbermin discovered in a manuscript of the Lawra, while von der Goltz found a quasidevotional monologue, Eis emauton, of the same in a manuscript of Chalcis, identical with the so-called " Prayer of Euthalius " contained in many Armenian Bibles. Von Soden accordingly conjectured that all the Euthalian apparatus originated in the seventh century. His theory
Euthy mius Eutychianism