THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
such an impression on the emperor Justinian that the latter, upon the death of the patriarch Mennas (Aug., 552), appointed him patriarch of Constantinople. He played a great part in the Three Chapter controversy (q.v.); presided at the Fifth Ecumenical Council (Constantinople, 553); conducted the consecration ceremonies for St. Sophia (562); but finally fell into disfavor with the emperor, whose aphthartodocetic [maintenance of perpetual virginity of Mary and denial of the reality of the human birth of Jesus] leanings he was unwilling to tolerate; and on Jan. 22, or Apr. 12, 565, he was exiled to his former cloister. He was thence recalled by Justin II., in 577, as successor to the patriarch John III. Scholasticus. He is honored by the Church as a saint. Of his writings, only fragments of a sermon on the Eucharist are preserved (MPG, lxxxvi. 2, pp. 2392-2401), in which the Greek Fathers' symbolic-dynamic view of the Eucharist reached its climax. His intimate friend the presbyter Eustratius, wrote his biography (MPG, lxxxvi. 2, pp. 2273-2390). G. Kruger.
Bibliography: ASB, Apr., i. 548; Evagrius, Hist, eccl.; John of Ephesus, Eccl. Hist., third part, ed. W. Cureton, Oxford, 1853; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xi. 352-356; DCB, ii. 414-416.
EVAGRIUS, i"va-gri'us, PONTICUS: Nitrian hermit; b. at Ibora, a small town of Pontus, near the capital Amasia, year unknown; d. after 400. He was the son of a presbyter in Ibora. Basil the Great appointed him lector, and Gregory Nazianzen made him deacon. When Gregory left Constantinople (381?), Evagrius remained in the capital under his successor Nestorius. Because of a love affair with a noble lady he went to Jerusalem where he entered the circle of Melania, the friend of Rufinus (q.v.), and was sent by her to Egypt into the Nitrian desert to recover from serious illness, probably acute mental depression induced by his experiences. There he spent two years on the mons Nitrice, then fourteen years in the colony of hermits called Kellia, earning his living by penmanship. His works are all monastic. Definite criticism of them is as yet impossible since the Greek writings published under his name are at best only excerpts. Gennadius (De vir. ill., xi.) gives a list of them: (1) " Suggestions against the Eight Principal Sins " in eight books, essentially a compilation of Bible texts intended to work like amulets against certain sinful thoughts. (2) A collection of " One Hundred Sentiments " for uneducated anchorites, and one of " Fifty Sentiments " for educated anchorites. (3) A guide to the common life for monks. (4) A writing dedicated to a nun. (5) " Opinions " for monks, which Gennadius pronounces " very obscure." These works may be identified with five mentioned by Socrates (Hist, eccl., iv. 23). The doctrine of Evagrius can not be judged on the basis of the existing material. Connections with the Cappadocians [Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, and Gregory of Nyssa] are probable not only on account of a passage quoted by Socrates but also because of the whole course of his education. He belonged to that small number of practical ascetics who as educated men were able to indicate monasticism and asceticism philosoph-
ically, hence the reputation which he enjoyed in the desert among the colonies of ascetics who were mostly uneducated men. His predilection for Origen became fatal to him. In the later Origenistic controversies the doctrine of Evagrius was condemned, and from the seventh century his name with that of Origen and Didymus is placed among the archheretics. (Erwin Pretjschen.)
Bibliography: The best collection (far from complete) of his writings is in Gallandi, Bibliotheca. vii. 551-581 reprinted in MPG, xl. On his Syriac works consult W. Wright, Catalogue of the Syriac MSS. in the British Museum, London, 1870-72. On his life and work: Tillemont, Memoires, 2d ed., x. 368 sqq.; Fabricius-Harles Bibliotheca Grosca, ix. 284, Hamburg, 1804; E. Nestle in ZDMG, 1878, pp. 465 sqq.; O. Zockler, Evagrius Po'ntikus, Munich, 1893; idem, Askese und Mbnchtum, i. 253 sqq., Frankfort, 1897; J. A. Robinson, in TS, iii. 3(1895).
EVAGRIUS SCHOLASTICUS: Early church historian; b. at Epiphania, Ccele-Syria, c. 536; d. after 594. He received careful training in the schools of the grammarians and rhetoricians and settled in Antioch as a lawyer (hence his surname, Scholasticus). Here he assisted the patriarch Gregorius (569-594) in drafting briefs, reports, and decrees, and successfully defended him at Constantinople (589) when he was arraigned on the charge of grievous persecutions. From the Emperor Tiberius he obtained the rank of a quaestor; from Mauricius, that of a prefect. He is known chiefly for his " Ecclesiastical History," in six books, which is a continuation of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, extending from the Council of Ephesus (431) to the twelfth year of the reign of Mauricius (593-594). It is one of the chief sources, especially for the history of contemporary theological controversies, though it also takes account of the wars with the Persians and other barbarians, and, like other Byzantine chronicles, contains notices of all sorts of remarkable events (calamities, conflagrations, earthquakes, etc.). Evagrius made good use of his original sources (Eustathius of Antioch, Procopius of Caesarea, John Malala, John of Epiphania, Menander Protector, Zacharias Rhetor and others), and his judgment is discreet and impartial. Ecclesiastically orthodox, he strictly abides by the synodical decisions, and censures, in particular, every deviation from the Chalcedonian dogma. Even his great predecessor, Eusebius, is not quite proof against his criticism; though Evagrius concedes that Eusebius led his readers close to the true faith, even if he did not teach them strict orthodoxy. The best edition of the history is that of J. Bidez and L. Parmentier, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius, with the Scholia (London, 1898); Eng. transl. in Bohn's Ecclesiastical Library in the volume with Theodoret (London, 1854). G. Kruger.
Bibliography: Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Grceca, ix. 284 sqq., Hamburg, 1904; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xi. 415-416; DCB, ii. 423-424; C. de Boor, in ZKG, v (1881), 315-322, vi (1883), 482 sqq.
EVANGELIARIUM (i.e., evangeliarium volumen, " Gospel book "; evangeliarius , with liber or codex understood, is found more rarely): A book containing the appointed Gospel lections for church service. The collecting of the Gospel writings