RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Farel Fast-Day
ampton, he took charge of the congregation at Walthamstow in 1737, whose pastor he remained till 1780. In 1761 he removed to London, where he was afternoon preacher at Salter's Hall (1761-72) and also one of the preachers of the " merchants' lecture " on Tuesdays (1762-80). In 1762 he was elected a trustee of Dr. Williams' foundations and also a trustee of the Coward trust. His works, written in a vigorous style and characterized by more independence and freedom of thought than was usual in his day, exercised a decisive influence on current opinion. The principal ones are, An Inquiry into the Mature and Design of Christ's Temptation in the Wilderness (London, 1761; 5th ed., 1822), in which he contends that our Lord's temptation was merely subjective, a divine vision; A Dissertation on Miracles (1771); An Essay on the Demoniacs of the New Testament (1775), in which he maintains that demoniacs are only persons afflicted with certain diseases; and The General Prevalence of the Worship of Human Spirits in the Ancient Heathen Nations (1783).
Bibliography: M. Dodson, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Hugh Farmer, London, 1804; A. Kippis, Biographia Britannica, v. 664-665, ib. 1793; S. Palmer, Nonconformists' Memorial, iii. 492-493, ib. 1803; DNB, xviii. 211-213.
FARNOVIUS (FARNESIUS), STANISLAUS : Polish antitrinitarian; b. in the first half of the sixteenth century; d. apparently after 1622. The first event known in his life is that he was at Marburg in Mar., 1564, when Johannes Pincierius gave him a letter of recommendation to Bullinger. Two months later he matriculated at Heidelberg, but was already an Arian and was accordingly expelled. After the Synod of Lancut, Galicia, in 1567 he established and conducted a school in Sandec in the same province, separating from the Polish Unitarians who denied the preexistence of Christ and becoming the impassioned leader of the Arian Unitarians who asserted the preeminence of the Father over the Son, but admitted the preexistence of Jesus. He regarded the Holy Ghost as a person, but opposed any invocation of this member of the Trinity. In regard to the baptism of adults by immersion, he was in complete sympathy with the other Unitarians of Poland. After the death of Farnovius, his followers were absorbed by the great body of Unitarians or by the Calvinists. (F. Loofs.)
Bibliography; The early life is by: V. Smalcius (d. 1622), printed in G. Zeltner, Historia crypto-Sociniomi, pp. 1158- 1218, Leipsic, 1729. Consult: Stanislaus Lubieniecius, Hist, reformalionis Polonico?, Freistadt, 1685; C. Sandius, Bibliotheca antitrinitariorum, Freistadt, 1684; J. G. Walch, Religionsstreitigkeiten . . ausser der evangelischlutherischen Kirche, iv. 142-143, Jena, 1736; F. S. Bock, Hist, antitrinitariorum, i. 334-340, Leipsic, 1774; H. Dalton, Beitrage zur Geschichte der evangelischen Kirche in Russland, vol. iii., Berlin, 1898.
FARRAR, FREDERIC WILLIAM: Dean of
Canterbury; b. at Bombay, India, Aug. 7, 1831; d. at Canterbury Mar. 22, 1903. He studied at King William's College, Isle of Man, King's College, London (B.A., 1852), and Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1854). He was ordered deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in 1857, and was assistant master in Marlborough College (1854) and Harrow
School (1855-71), and head master of Marlborough College (1871-76). He was select preacher at Cambridge in 1868-69, 1872, 1874, and frequently afterward, honorary chaplain to the queen 1869- 1873 and chaplain in ordinary after 1873, Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge in 1870, and Bampton Lecturer at Oxford in 1885. In 1876 he was installed rector of St. Margaret, Westminster, and canon of Westminster; and in 1883 was appointed archdeacon of Westminster and rural dean of St. Margaret and St. John the Evangelist. In 1890 he became chaplain to the House of Commons and in 1891 examining chaplain to the bishop of Worcester. In 1895 he was made dean of Canterbury. In all these positions he won distinction. As a teacher he had the admiration of his scholars, and as an ecclesiastic he discharged his duties with peculiar efficiency. His sermons, though written hastily and marked by a somewhat exuberant eloquence, were listened to by thousands. His rare powers of advocacy were specially devoted to the improvement of public school education and the cause of total abstinence.
Dean Farrar's publications were numerous and in varied fields. The earlier of them dealt with pedagogy and philology and included three famous stories of English school-life — Eric (Edinburgh, 1858), Julian Home (1859), and St. Winifred's (London, 1862). He prepared the commentary on Judges (1883) for Bishop Ellicott's commentary, Kings (1893-94) and Daniel (1895) for the Expositor's Bible, Wisdom (1888) for H. Wace's commentary on the Apocrypha, and Luke (1880) and Hebrews (1883) for the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges and for the Cambridge New Testament. Probably his best known book was his Life and Work of St. Paul (2 vols., London, 1879), though his Life of Christ (2 vols., 1874) passed through many editions. With these may be mentioned The Early Days of Christianity (2 vols., London, 1882); The Messages of the Books (1884); Lives of the Fathers (1889); and The Life of Lives: Further Studies in the Life of Christ (1900). His Hulsean and Bampton Lectures were published under the titles respectively of The Witness of History to Christ (1871) and The History of Interpretation (1886). Of his many volumes of sermons the most important was Eternal Hope (1878), containing five discourses preached in Westminster Abbey in 1877. Herein and in Mercy and Judgment (1881) he defended the doctrine that though there may be for some an endless hell because they resist the grace of God beyond the grave, there is no hell of material fire, and for the great majority, through God's mercy and Christ's sacrifice, a complete purification and salvation.
BiBuoettAPHY: Reginald Farrar, Life of Frederic William Farrar, London, 1904 (by his son). A memoir by Dean William Lefroy of Norwich was prefixed to the Life of Christ, London, 1903. Consult also Three Sermons preached in Cathedral of Christ Church, Canterbury, March 29, 1903, by A. J. Mason and others, ib. 1903.
FAST-DAY: A day specially appointed for penitence and prayer. Repentance is a demand of God upon humanity which has fallen into sin. It ever remains the duty of the individual as well as
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