RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Fenelon Ferdinand II
1792; another, containing his correspondence, was issued, in 19 vols., ib. 1826-28; the Vies des anciens philosophes and the Telemaque have been translated often into most European languages; M. Masson edited the unpublished letters of Fenelon to Madame Guyon, Freiburg, Switzerland, 1907. Lives have been written by L. F. de Bausset Paris, 1809, Eng. transl., London, 1810; [H. L. Farrer] ib. 1877 (an excellent work); E. de Broglie, Paris, 1884; P. Janet, ib. 1892, Eng. transl., London, 1893; R. Mahrenholz, Leipsic, 1896; Viscount St. Cyres, London, 1901; H. Druon, Paris, 1905. Consult also: E. O. Dou'en, L 'Intolerance de Fenelon, Paris, 1872; G. Bizos, Fenelon educateur, Paris, 1886; E. K. Sanders, Fenelon, his Friends and Enemies, London, 1901; M. Cagnac, Fenelon, directeur de conscience, Paris, 1902. See also literature under Guyon, Jeanne Marie Botjvier de la Mothe.
FENN, WILLIAM WALLACE: Unitarian; b. at Boston, Mass., Feb. 12, 1862. He was graduated at Harvard in 1884 and Harvard Divinity School in 1887 He was minister of Unity Church, Pittsfield, Mass., 1887-91 and of the First Unitarian Society of Chicago 1891-1901. Since 1901 he has been Bussey professor of systematic theology in Harvard Divinity School, of which he has been dean since 1906. He was Shaw Lecturer on Biblical literature in Meadville Theological School 1892- 1901 and preacher to Harvard University 1896- 1898 and again since 1902. He has been American editor of the Hibbert Journal since 1902, and has written Lessons on Luke (in collaboration with H. G. Spaulding; Boston, 1890); Lessons on the Acts (1894); The Flowering of the Hebrew Religion (Chicago, 1894) ; and Lessons on the Psalms (Boston, 1900).
FENTON, FERRAR : Church of England layman ; b. at Waltham (18 m. s.e. of Hull), Lincolnshire, Dec. 4, 1832. He was educated privately, and until the age of twenty-eight lived the life of a student. Financial reverses then compelled him to become an operator in a factory, where he eventually rose to be manager and overseer. He undertook various commercial enterprises, and amassed a fortune as the promoter of the De Beers Company for the development of the South African diamond mines after the panic of 1882, but in 1893 lost heavily through the dishonesty of a legal adviser. Since then, however, he has recovered much of his wealth. In theology he holds to the authenticity and divine origin of the Bible, and regards " the so-called ' higher criticism ' as either wild delusion or deliberate swindle." He has a knowledge of many languages and has written various pamphlets, linguistic works, and biographies, but his chief work is his Bible in Modern English with Critical Notes (London, 1903; published first in parts, 1883-1903), an independent translation from the original languages.
FERDINAND II. AND THE COUNTERREFORMA- TION IN AUSTRIA.
Early Progress of the Reformation (§ 1).
Reaction under Rudolph II. (§ 2).
Protestant Gains after 1600 (§ 3).
Forces Working for the Roman Catholics (§ 4).
Ferdinand II. His Measures in Inner Austria (§ 5).
Ferdinand Emperor 1619-27 (§ 6).
The culminating point of the Reformation and Counterreformation occurs a full generation later in the Austrian crown lands of the Hapsburgs than elsewhere in Germany; the decisive issue, adversely
to the Reformation, does not appear before the first third of the Thirty Years' War, under the rule of Emperor Ferdinand II. When in i. Early 1564 the Austrian lands passed from Progress of the hand of Ferdinand I. into the the Refor- hands of his three sons, Maximilian, mation. Ferdinand, and Charles, the Reformation had made nearly equal progress in all these jurisdictions; on all sides it had been tacitly tolerated, and had accordingly gained such accretions that the complete transition to Protestantism appeared to depend only on its recognition by law and the creation of a church organization. The majority of all classes of society had adopted the new ideas. In Bohemia and Moravia, in Silesia and Lusatia, in Upper and Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Goritz, nearly the entire population was filled with the new spirit. In Tyrol alone did the Roman Church continue securely predominant.
Maximilian II., in Bohemia (with its dependencies, Moravia, Silesia, Lusatia) and Upper and Lower Austria, and Archduke Charles in Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Goritz) continued at first in the tolerant disposition of their father. There soon followed most important concessions to the Protestant territorial estates. In Lower Austria, from 1568 to 1571, Maximilian granted religious freedom for the nobility and their subjects; the same concession was straightway claimed for themselves by the Upper Austrians, and it was not denied them, although it was never formally extended to them. The Bohemian nobility obtained the like religious freedom in 1575. In Inner Austria, from 1572 to 1578, Charles accorded the so-called religious pacification, which allowed the lords and knighthood to profess the Augsburg Confession and tolerated Protestant schools and churches already existent; only for the crown cities and towns and for his own estates did the archduke retain express control of religion. Charles made these concessions with the utmost reluctance; nothing but need of money and the threatening danger from the Turks constrained him to do so. Indeed a similar external pressure was operative in the case of Maximilian II.; but his religious sensibilities suffered less by the concession, as he had considerable sympathy with the new views.
The first lawful foundations for the development
of a Protestant Church were won through these
concessions; but under the impulse of an energetic
reaction that was developing with new force in
Romanism, the successors of these princes, supported
by the Jesuits and the Roman Catholic
2. Reaction remnant of the nobility, strove to
under set the concessions aside. In 1578,
Rudolph II. Rudolph II. (son of Maximilian II.,
emperor 1576-1612) began to expel all
the Protestant preachers from Vienna; but when he
encountered strong opposition to his designs in
Upper Austria, he set to work more prudently.
Nevertheless he achieved a good deal during the
following decade; by legal proceedings, one church
after another was taken away from the Protestant
nobles of Lower Austria and restored to the Roman
Ferdinand II Ferguson