RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Flechier Flesh
preferments for the living of Wexham in Buckinghamshire. Despite his opposition to her favorite political party, Queen Anne made him bishop of St. Asaph in 1708; and in 1714 Geo. I. translated him to the see of Ely. For his attacks on the Jacobite tendencies of the Tory government in 1712 he was threatened with impeachment and the House of Commons voted that the preface of a volume of sermons he had just published be burned by the public hangman. Besides a number of sermons and charges to the clergy, Fleetwood's works include, Inscriptionum antiquarium sylloge (London, 1691), a collection of Christian and pagan inscriptions; An Essay on Miracles (1701); and Chronicon pretiosum (1707), an investigation of the value of money and commodities for the previous six centuries. His sermons may be found in his Works (London, 1737; new ed., 3 vols., Oxford, 1854).
Bibliography: A Memoir, by Fleetwood's nephew, W Powell, is prefixed to his Works. Consult: J. H. Monk, Life of Dr. Richard Bentley, i. 367-370, ii. 88, 247. London, 1833; Biographia Britannica, vol. ii., ib. 1750; DNB, xix. 269-271.
FLEMING, DAVID HAY: Scotch Presbyterian; b. at St. Andrews, Scotland, May 9, 1849. He studied at Madras College, St. Andrews, 1854-66, and then engaged in business until he retired in 1883 to devote himself to the study of Scotch history. In 1904-06 he was lecturer on church history in New College, Edinburgh. In theology he is an oldschool Presbyterian and a stanch Calvinist. Among his writings those of theological interest are The Martyrs and Confessors of St. Andrews (Cupar-Fife, 1887); Mary Queen of Scots from her Birth to her Flight into England (London, 1897); The Scottish Reformation (Edinburgh, 1903); and The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline (1904). He has also edited Register of the Ministers, Elders, and Deacons of the Christian Congregation of St. Andrews, Comprising the Proceedings of the Kirk Session and of the Court of the Superintendent of Fife, Fothrik, and Strathearn, 1559-1600 (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1889-90); A. F. Mitchell's Scottish Reformation (Baird Lectures for 1899, 1900); and Patrick Walker's Six Saints of the Covenant (2 vols., London, 1901).
FLEMING (less correctly Flemming), PAUL: German poet; b. at Hartenstein (9 m. s.e. of Zwickau) in the Saxon Vogtland, Oct. 5, 1609 (old style); d. at Hamburg Apr. 2, 1640. When about twelve years of age, he entered the Thomasschule at Leipsic, and in 1628 began his studies at the university. Along with his professional course in medicine, . he occupied himself with dialectics, rhetoric, and poetics; and in 1633 became doctor of philosophy. In 1633-39 he made a journey to Persia, as attache1 of an embassy despatched by Duke Frederick III. of Holstein. The travelers' remarkable experiences were described by Olearius in his Beschreibung der neuen orientalischen Reise (Sleswick, 1647). After his return, Fleming was graduated in Leyden as doctor of medicine. On the way thence to Reval, where he was intending to settle as physician, he fell ill and died at Hamburg, probably in consequence of hardships endured on
the journey. He is buried in St. Catherine's Church at Hamburg.
Fleming is one of the most noteworthy German poets. His style is influenced by Opitz (whom he knew personally at Leipsic), but he is perfectly independent in the contents of his poems. These refer, for the most part, to his personal experiences, and are the natural expression of his deep and genuine sensibilities. They enable us to accompany him through his brief and stirring life, and reveal him as a believing Christian and highly cultivated noble man. He wrote in the Latin language quite as aptly and freely as in his mother tongue. The best known of his poems is the hymn, In alien meinen Thaten lass ich den Hochsten rathen (Eng. transl. by Miss Winkworth, " Where'er I go, whate'er my task), which he composed prior to departing for Persia. The edition of Fleming's poems prepared, at his own request, by Olearius after his death (Hamburg, 1641) contains only a small selection of the German poems. So, too, an edition that appeared at Liibeck in 1642 is very defective. The first accurate edition is by J. M. Lappenberg, Paul Flemings lateinische Gedichte (Stuttgart, 1863). and Deutsche Gedichte (2 vols., 1865).
Carl Bertheau.
Bibliography: J. Moller, Cimbria literata, ii. 193 sqq., Copenhagen, 1744; C. H. JSrdens, Lexikon deutscher Dichter, i. 544 sqq., v. 97 sqq., 6 vols., Leipsic, 1806-11; K. A. Varnhagen von Ense, Biographische Denkmale, iv. 1- 168, Berlin, 1846 (gives account of Fleming's travels); J. M. Lappenberg, Paul Flemings lateinische Gedichte, Stuttgart, 1863; idem, Deutsche Gedichte, ii. 851-894, ib. 1865 (the basis of Tittmann); J. Tittmann, Gedichte von Paul Fleming, Leipsic, 1870; E. E. Koch, Geschichte des Kirchenlieds und Kirchengesang, iii. 73-82, 8 vols., Stuttgart, 1866-77; ADB, xii. 115 sqq.; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 378-379.
FLESH.
Biblical Usage. The Problem of Interpretation (§ 1).
The Hebrew Basar (§ 2).
" Flesh " Equivalent to " Man " (§ 3).
Jewish Usage (§ 4).
New Testament Usage (§5).
Paul (§ 6).
The Bible has different representations of man's material nature. The term " flesh " is always used with reference to man's body; so that Chrysostom's comment on Gal. v. 16 is anything but precise — " The flesh (Gk. sarx) is not the body, nor the essence of the body, but the evil disposition, the earthly, lustful, and lawless reai. Biblical son." The same is true of Julius Usage. The Muller's definition,—" The flesh is the Problem of tendency or inclination of human life Interpre- turned away from God, the life and tation. movement of man in the midst of the things of this visible world." The flesh is regarded as endowed with mind (Gk. phronema, Rom. viii. 6), desire or lust (epithymia, Gal. v. 16; I John ii. 16), will (thelema, Eph. ii. 3), etc., and can not, therefore, stand for a disposition of the will. Sarx designates, not a tendency or disposition of the flesh, but the flesh itself with that disposition. But a problem arises, — how can sarx be considered the subjective cause of such disposition while usually kardia (" heart ") is looked upon as the seat of the will (Matt. xv. 10; Rom. i. 24)?
Flesh Fletcher