THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
York, 1907. The oldest and weightiest sources for a life of St. Francis are the two Vitm by Thomas of Celano, the Chronicon fratris Jordani a Jano, the Legenda trium sociorum (Leo, Rufinus and Angelus Tancredi) and the celebrated Vita by S. Bonaventura. These, with the exception of the fuller Vitcs of Thomas, are collected together with a commentary in ASB, Oct., ii. 545-798. The principal editions and translations will be noted below. Other sources are of course the Opera of St. Francis, ed. Wadding, Cologne, 1849, and Horvy, Paris, 1880, made available in Eng. transl., London, 1890, and by P. Robinson, Philadelphia, 1906; and the Sacrum commercium (written anonymously c. 1227), Eng. transl. by M. Carmichael, London, 1901.
The best modern life is by P. Sabatier, Paris, 1894, which has run through many editions, Eng. transl., London, 1898. Sabatier edited the Speculum perfectionis of Leo of Assisi, Paris, 1898, of which Eng. transls. appeared by Sebastian Evans, London, 1899, Countess De la Warr, 1902, and Robert Steele, 1903. Next to these should be noted H. G. Rosedale, St. Francis of Assisi according to Brother Thomas of Celano, with Critical Introduction, London, 1904 (for the best edition), cf. Thomas of Celano, The Lives of St. Francis of Assisi, transl. by A. G. Ferrers Howell, ib., 1908. Other accounts are by K. Hase, Leipsic, 1856 (long the standard); Bernardin, 2 vols., Paris, 1880; a sumptuous work in 3 parts, S. Francois d' Assise, containing the Vie by F. E. Chavin de Malan, first published Paris, 1845, S. Francois apris sa mort and S. Francois dans Vart, Paris, 1885; H. S. Lear, London, 1888; Miss Lockhart (from the Legends of St. Bonaventure), ib. 1889; J. M. S. Daurignac, Abbeville, 1887; L. Le Monnier, Paris, 1890, Eng. transl., London, 1894; J. W. Knox Little, ib. 1897; the Duce Legendw of Bonaventura, Quaracchi (near Florence), 1898; J. Adderley, London, 1900; A. Barine (S. Francois . . . et la legende des trois compagnons), Paris, 1901; L. de Cherance\ Paris, 1892, Eng. transl., London, 1901; J. Herkless Francis and Dominic, ; pp. 16-80, New York, 1901; W O. E. Oesterley, London, 1901; B. Christen, Innsbruck, 1902; L. de Kerval; Paris, 1902 (a Fr. transl. of the legend of the three companions); A. Goffin, Brussels, 1902 (also a Fr. transl. of the same); E. G. Salter, London, 1902 (Eng. transl. of the same); J. H. Mcllvaine, New York, 1902; Anna M. Stoddart, London, 1903; S. Bonaventura, ib. 1904 (Eng. transl.); L. L. Du Bois, New York, 1906; J. Jorgensen, Den hellige Frans af Assisi, Copenhagen, 1907; M. A. Heins, New York, 1908. On the portraiture consult N. H. J. Westlake, On the Authentic Portraiture of St. Francis of Assisi, London, 1897; O. Kuhns, St. Francis of Assisi, New York, 1906.
The Rules are given in L. Wadding, S. Francisci opuscula, Antwerp, 1623, ed. V. der Burg, Cologne, 1889, and in Horoy's edition of the Opera of St. Francis, Paris, 1880. Consult also Regula antiqua fratrum et serorum de pcenitentia seu tertii ordinis S. Francois, ed. P. Sabatier, Paris, 1901, and cf. K. Miiller, Die Anfange des Minoritenordens, pp. 4-114, 185-188, Freiburg, 1885. The Testamentum was edited from the Cottonian MS. in the British Museum by J. S. Brewer in Monumenta Franciscana, i (1858), 562-566, and is given in Sabatier's Vie, 9th ed., pp. 389-393.
Consult also: B. Francis, Rule and Ceremonial of the Third Order, London, 1883; Manual of the Third Order, ib. 1883; Nouvelle regie du tiers-ordre seculier, Paris, 1883- F. Bertinus, Manual of the Third Order, London, 1884; Little Manual of the Third Order, ib. 1899; Gerard, Documents pour expliquer la regie du tiers-ordre, Paris, 1899.
For the history of the order sources are: Chronicon fratris Jordanis a Jano, ed. G. Voigt, vol. v. of Abhandlungen der koniglichen sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, v (1870), 421 sqq. (good for Germany); Chroniche tlegli ordini instituti dal S. Francesco, in Portuguese and Spanish, 3 vols., Lisbon and Salamanca, 1556- 1570, Fr. transl., 4 vols., Paris, 1600, Germ, transl., 2 vols., Constance, 1604; A. Parkinson, Collectanea An'ylominoritica, London, 1726; J.H. Sbaralea, Bullarium Franciscanum constitutions, epistola;, diplomata
4 volg., Rome, 1759-68 (vol. 4 by D. A. Rossi); Analectd Franciscana, 2 vols., Quaracchi, 1885-87 (a collection of chronicles, and various documentary sources).
Of more modern accounts the best are: L. Wadding, Annates minorum, vol. i.-vii., Leyden, 1625-48, vol. viii!
Rome, 1654, 2d ed. begun by J. M. Fonseca, vols, i xvi., Rome, 1731-36, continued at intervals, vol. xxv 1887; Helyot, Ordres monastiques. vol. vii., cf. i., nn lxxi. sqq.; Heimbucher, Orden und Kottgregatiotien j 264-385. Consult also: V. Greiderer, Germania Franciscana, 2 vols., Innsbruck, 1777-81; G. F. C. Evers Analecta ad fratrum minorum historiam, Leipsic 1882- K. Miiller, Die Anfange des Minoritenordens, Freiburg 1885; D. de Gubernatis, Orbis seraphicus. Hist, de tribus ordinibus a . S. Francisco institutis, new ed., Quaracchi, 1887 sqq.; F. Servais Dirks, Hist. litUraire des freres mineurs en Belgique, Antwerp, 1888; B. Hammer Die Franciscaner in den Vereinigten Staaten, Cologne' 1892; A. G. Little, The Grey Friars in Oxford, Oxford 1892; J. M. Stone, Sufferings of English Franciscans during 16th and 17th Centuries, London, 1892; 0. Huettebrauker, Der Minoritenorden, Berlin, 1895; T. Kolde Die kirchlichen Bruderschaften und das religiose Leben Erlangen, 1895; Thaddeus, The Franciscans in England 1600-1850, London, 1898; Anne Macdowell, Sons of Francis, New York, 1902; D. Muzzey, The Spiritual Franciscans, ib., 1908.
On the Third Order consult: F. J. d'Ezerville, Le Tiersordre de S. Francois, Lille, 1887; Leon, Le Tiers Ordre seraphique, Paris, 1887; P. B. da Greccio, II Terz' Ordine di San Francesco, Quaracchi, 1888; P. de Martigng, Le Tiers-ordre . . . d'apres Leon XIII., Le Mans, 1896; Morbert, Les Religieuses franciscaines, Paris, 1897; P. Baptiste, Spirit of the Third Order of St. Francis, London, 1899; J. G. Adderley and C. L. Marson, "Third Orders,'' ib. 1902; F. O. Kaercher, Summary of Indulgence?, Privileges, and Favors Granted to the Secular Branch of the Third Order of St. Francis, St. Louis, 1902; T. C. L. Josa, St. Francis of Assisi and the Third Order, ib. 1906.
FRANCIS BORGIA, SAINT. See Jesuits.
FRANCIS, JOSEPH MARSHALL: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Indianapolis, Ind.; b. at Eaglesmere, Pa., Apr. 6, 1862. He studied at Racine College (1879-82) and Oxford (1885-86), and was ordered deacon in 1884 and priested two years later. After being in charge of the mission churches of St. Edmund, Milwaukee, and of St. Peter, Greenfield, Wis., 1884-86, he was canon of All Saints' Cathedral, Milwaukee, 1886-87 and rector of St Luke's, Whitewater, Wis., 1887-88. He then went as a missionary to Japan, where he remained until 1897, being professor of dogmatic theology in Trinity Divinity School, Tokyo, 1891-97 and subdean of the same institution 1893-97. Returning to the United States, he was rector of St. Paul's, Evansville, Ind., 1898-99, and in 1899 was consecrated bishop of Indianapolis. In theology he is in "entire conformity with the teaching of the Episcopal Church as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer."
FRANCIS, SAINT, OF PAOLA: Founder of the Order of Minims; b. at Paola (13 m. w.n.w. of Cosenza), Italy, 1416 (according to the Bollandists), 1438; d. at Plessis-les-Tours (1 m. s.w. of Tours), France, Apr. 2, 1507. His parents dedicated him at an early age to St. Francis of Assisi, to whose intercession they attributed his birth. At the age of twelve he entered the Franciscan monastery of San Marco in Calabria, and quickly surpassed the strictest monks in his rigid observance of the rule. After spending a year as novice, he accompanied his parents in a pilgrimage to Assisi, Rome and other holy places, and after his return to Paola lived for six years in a cave on the seashore, gradually gathering about him a band of disciples. After a few years the archbishop of Cosenza gave permission for the erect:on