THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
the binding force of the moral law for those who were filled with the mystical love of God. With the Flemish poetess and visionary Hadewich Blommaerdine (q.v.), the pantheistic element is not prominent. About the same time in Cologne, a Netherlander, Walther, burned c. 1322, was the center of a wide-spread pantheistic movement, in the contemporary descriptions of which we meet for the first time with the nocturnal Adamite orgies (see Adamites). In southern Germany Berthold of Rorbach (q.v.), burned 1356 at Speyer, and Hermann Kiichener of Nuremberg, who recanted at Wiirzburg in 1342, were the apostles of a similar movement. Another interesting group is that of the " Friends of God " (q.v.), whose leader, Nicholas of Basel was burned at Vienna in 1396. Pantheistic-antinomian elements are mingled with apocalyptic views of the Joachim type in the " Homines intelligentise " (q.v.). The sources for the history of these heresies in the fifteenth century are so confused that little can be made of them. That pantheistic ideas still had power in the Reformation period is shown by the rise of the Loist sect at Antwerp (1525- 1545), and the Libertine or Spiritual party (see Libertines, 3) which after 1529 spread from the Netherlands through France, western Germany, and Switzerland, as well as by certain developments of the Anabaptist movement.
(Herman Haupt.)
Bibliography: Sources are: P. Fredericq, Corpus documentorum inquisitionis Neerlandicce, vols, i.-ii., Ghent, 1889-96; Ulanowski, in Scriptores rerum Polonicarum, xiii. 233-250, Cracow, 1889. Consult: H. C. Lea, Hist, of Inquisition, vol. ii., passim, New York, 1888; C. TJ. Hahn, Geschichte der Ketzer, ii. 470, Stuttgart, 1847; J. C. L. Gieseler, Kirchengeschichte, II. ii. 642 sqq., Bonn, 1849, Eng. transl., ed. H. B. Smith, ii. 590 sqq., New York, 1871; W. Moll, Kerkgeschiedenis van Nederland, II., iii. 59 sqq., Utrecht, 1869; W. Preger, Geschichte der deutschen Mystik, vols. i.-iii.t Leipsic, 1874-93; H. Haupt, ZKG,v. 478, vii. 503, xii. 35; H. Reuter, Geschichte der religibsen Aufklarung, ii. 240 sqq., Berlin, 1877; W. Wattenbach, in Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie, 1887, pp. 517 sqq.; J. J. I. von Dollinger, Sektengeschichte, ii. 378 sqq., 702 sqq., Munich, 1890; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 633, v. 393, 401, 408.
FREETHINKER: In general, one who reaches his conclusions by following the demands of reason, rather than those of authority; more particularly, one who rejects the supernatural elements of Christianity. The term was first used toward the close of the seventeenth century, though it does not seem to have gained general currency till after the publication of Anthony Collins' Discourse of Freethinking (1713, see Collins, Anthony). The term then came to be applied specifically to the group of deistic writers formed by Collins, Woolston, Tindal, and others (see Deism). Although Collins defined freethinking as merely an attempt to judge a proposition according to the weight of evidence, his book was regarded as an attack on the fundamental tenets of Christianity; and from that day to this the term freethinker has carried with it, in the popular understanding, the implication of skeptic, infidel, and even libertine and atheist. The freethinker of to-day does not reject Christianity; he explains it. Bibliography: Consult the literature under Antitrini-
TARIAN'ISM; Df.ISM.
FREE-WILL BAPTISTS. See Baptists, II., 4; c.
FREISING, BISHOPRIC OF: A bishopric organized by Boniface in the spring of 739 after his return from Rome, with the other Bavarian bishoprics, under the approval of Duke Odilo. It was of small extent; the boundary joined Augsburg on the west, ran to the south along the ridge of the hills on the north side of the Inn valley, then alone the top of the Mangfall range, and touched the river at the present Kufstein, following its course to Gars, where it turned to the north and came round to meet the Augsburg line again above Geisenfeld. In charge of it Boniface placed Erimbert, brother of Corbinian (q.v.). The number of monasteries it contained was large. The most important of them was that of St. Quirinus on the Tegernsee, which goes back probably to the reign of King Pepin, and asserted its immediate dependence on the Empire until the time of Louis the Bavarian. (A. Hauck.)
The history of the diocese presents few features of more than local interest up to the Reformation, in which period it must be said that the preservation of Bavaria to the Roman Catholic faith is due rather to the zeal of the dukes than to the influence of the bishops. Both, however, were not unwilling to show a reasonable spirit, and the Synod of Salzburg in 1562, including Bishop Maurice von Sandizell of Freising (1559-66), assented to the laying before the Council of Trent of the concessions desired by Duke Albert V. of Bavaria and the Emperor Ferdinand — the marriage of the clergy and communion in both kinds. The next bishop, Ernest (1566-1612), was himself of the ducal family, which gave the see two more bishops, Albert Sigmund (1652-85) and John Theodore (1727-63). The title of prince-bishop was conferred by Ferdinand II. upon the incumbents of the see. By the secularization of 1802-03 Freising was incorporated as a principality with the Bavarian Palatinate, except the portions situated in Austria and the Tyrol, which were given to Salzburg. By the concordat of 1817 a combined archbishopric of Munich and Freising took the place of the old bishopric (see Concordats and Delimiting Bulls, VI., 2, §2).
Bibliography: C. Meichelbeck, Hist. Frisingensis, 2 vols., Augsburg, 1724-29; Graf Hundt, in A MA, vols, xii.xiii.; K. Roth, Kozrohs Renner, Munich, 1854; idem, Verzeichnis der Freisinger Urkunden, ib. 1855; idem, Oertlichkeiten des Bisthums Freising, ib. 1856; S. Riezler, Geschichte Bayerns, Gotha, 1880; H. G. Gengler, Beitrage zur Rechtsgeschichte Bayerns, i. 58, 185 sqq., Leipsic, 1889; Rettberg, KD, ii. 257; Hauck, KD, i. 491.
FRELINGHUYSEN, fri'ling-hai"zen, THEODORE: Dutch Reformed educator; b. at Millstone, N. J., Mar. 28, 1787; d.at New Brunswick, N. J., Apr. 12, 1S02. After his graduation (1804) from the College of New Jersey (Princeton) he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1808, when he removed to Newark. He was attorney-general of New Jersey 1817-29, United States senator 1829-45, mayor of Newark 1837-38, chancellor of New York University 1839-50, and president of Rutgers College 1850-62. In 1844 he was the Whig candidate for the vice-presidency, on the ticket with Henry Clay. In the senate he won for