THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
translation of the Bible by Lefevre d'^taples; and in Dec, 1526, the Duke of Savoy asked for assistance from Rome in repressing the movement, while in 1528 he executed twelve gentlemen guilty " of possessing the accursed book and spreading the heresy of Luther." His efforts, however, were frustrated by the support which the Protestant cause received from Bern. In 1532 Farel arrived in Geneva and made a deep impression. Riots and combats followed, in spite of the efforts of the Council of Two Hundred to reestablish peace by a compromise ordinance (Mar. 30, 1533). In July the bishop fled, never to return, but gained military support and from the middle of 1534 to the end of 1535 threatened the city. It succeeded in beating off these attacks at last, and on Apr. 2, 1536, the mass was finally abolished. In May a general assembly of the whole people swore to be at one in the sacred law of the Gospel. There were now ten pastors, who found their hands full and appealed for assistance. In July Calvin took up his residence there, and Geneva became a city governed by Protestant laws and a refuge for Reformers from France, Italy, Spain, and England (see Calvin, John). The city was the headquarters for Evangelical missionary effort; between 1555 and 1564 not less than 150 preachers left Geneva for France. In 1589 the party of the Guises in France allied itself with the Duke of Savoy in an attempt to recover the city by force. The war lasted until 1601, costing the republic 400,000 crowns and 1,500 lives, and was terminated by the Treaty of Lyons. The position of Geneva was made still stronger the next year by the victory of the Escalade, when on Dec. 11-12, 1602, an army of 8,000 men was despatched by Charles Emmanuel of Savoy to seize the city and had fixed their scaling-ladders to the walls before the alarm was given. The Genevese repelled the enemy and completed their success by turning the defeat into a rout. In the earlier part of the seventeenth century Geneva still continued to furnish pastors and teachers for France, and at its close became once more an asylum for Huguenot fugitives after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; between 1682 and 1720 3,600 refugees were received and maintained at the cost of the citizens. Close relations were also kept up with the Protestant churches of the North, England, Holland, and parts of Germany. In the eighteenth century, after two hundred years of constant combat with the papacy, Geneva was active in defense of the Christian faith against the attacks of Voltaire and the position of the Encyclopedist school in general: but the deism of Rousseau made alarming inroads on the Protestant Church membership. Between 1841 and 1878 there were constant conflicts between the Calvinist majority and the growing Roman Catholic minority, which resulted in the separation of Church and State.
The organization of the Church of Geneva remained unaltered for a long time, or underwent only minor modifications, until, in 1846, a radical change was effected, amounting almost to a revolution. Up to 1840 the pastors were chosen by the Venerable Compagnie des Pasteurs, one of the institutions of Calvin, which also had in hand the
administration of all religious affairs of the Church and exercised great influence on the academy and the schools. But from that year the authority ol the Compagnie was confined to questions of worship proper; while the other branches of the administration of the Church were placed under the consistoire, composed of twenty-five lay members and six pastors, and elected by the people; and the pastors were chosen by the congregations. At the same time that doctrinal difference began to develop which finally led to the formation of the Evangelical Society, and the foundation of a new theological school; for which seeGAUssEN; Merle d'Aubigne; and Evangelical Society op Geneva. The radicals, who gained control in 1846, held it for fifteen years, abolished the Protestant Church ot Geneva, and established a church almost creedless. This was reversed in 1862, when the conservatives came into power. In 1873 the grand council ousted all Roman Catholic priests who refused the oath of allegiance to the State; in 1876 the cathedral was given to the Old Catholics. In 1878 the expelled cures were permitted to return, and the separation of Church and State was accepted. In 1909 a monument to John Calvin was erected by general subscription.
Bibliography: Important are the Memoires et documenti publies par la societe d'histoire et d'archeologie de Genire, Geneva, 1840 sqq. Consult: Besson, Memoires pour servii a I'histoire ecclesiastique . . de Geneve, Nancy, 1759; J. Gaberel, Hist, de I'eglise de Geneve, 3 vols., Geneva. 1853- 1862; Regeste Genevois des documents imprimes relatifs 6 I'histoire de la ville et du diocese de Geneve avant Vannet 1312, Geneva, 1866; J. B. G. Maliffe, Geneve historique el archeologique, ib. 1868 (sumptuous); J. D. Blavignac, Lt Chrislianisme a Geneve, ib. 1872; idem, Etudes sur Geneve, 2 vols., ib. 1872-74; idem, in Memoires et documenti d'histoire et d'archeologie de Geneve, vii. 20; E. Choisy, La Theocratie a Geneve au temps de Calvin, ib. 1897; E Doumergue, La Geneve calviniste, Lausanne, 1905.
GENEVA BIBLE. See Bible Versions, B, IV., § 4; Bibles, Annotated, II., § 1.
GENEVA CATECHISM. See Calvin, John;
Catechisms.
GENEVA, CONSENSUS OF (Consensus Genevensis): A document drawn up by Calvin for the purpose of uniting the Swiss Reformed churches with regard to the doctrine of predestination. It appeared at Geneva in 1552, having received the signatures ot all the pastors of that city. But beyond Geneva it acquired no symbolical authority, and attempts to enlist the civil government in its favor created dissatisfaction and opposition in Bern, Basel, and Zurich.
Bibliography: The text is in Calvin's Opera, viii (1870), 249-366, and in H. A. Niemeyer, Collectio confessionum, pp. 218-310, Leipsic, 1840. For history and full references to literature consult Schaff, Creeds, i. 474-477, and the literature on Calvin.
GENEVIEVE, jen"e-viv': The name of two saints of the Roman Catholic Church.
1. Genevieve, Patron Saint of Paris: b., according to tradition, at Nanterre (7 m. n.w. of Paris), perhaps in 422; d. at Paris Jan. 3, 512. She is mentioned by Gregory of Tours (Hist. Francorum, iv. 1) as one of the saints venerated at Paris, and as buried in the basilica of the apostles Peter and Paul, built by Clovis I. and his queen. The Latin life ot