THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
near Amiens. In 1676 his Miroir de la picte chritienne appeared at Brussels, a work which several archbishops and writers criticized as a renewal of the five condemned sentences of Jansen; Gerberon defended his work in Le Miroir sans tache (Paris, 1680). The Jesuits and their partizans in his congregation denounced him in Paris for taking the part of the pope against the king in the disputes concerning the royal prerogative. Gerberon was threatened with arrest, but fled with the consent of his superior to the Spanish Netherlands. The Jansenist clergy called him to Holland, but owing to his attacks on the Protestants he was compelled to return to Brussels in 1690. In 1703 he was arrested, forced to sign the condemnation of the five sentences of Jansen, and delivered to his superiors for punishment; until 1707 he was kept a prisoner in Amiens. After he had given his signature, the pope allowed him to read mass. In Vincennes he was treated with greater severity; being stricken with paralysis, Cardinal Archbishop Noailles threatened to let him die " like a dog," without the Eucharist, if he did not sign certain further propositions expressing the cardinal's opinion. In 1710 he was handed over to his congregation. As soon as he learned that his signature was interpreted as a recantation of his doctrine, he wrote Le Vain Triomphe des J e suites, but his superiors prevented its publication. On his death-bed he recalled all declarations, " wrested from his weakness by cunning and force," except the condemnation of the five sentences. Besides the works mentioned, he wrote Apologia pro Ruperto abbate Tiutense (Paris, 1669) against the Calvinistic doctrine of the Lord's Supper, Defense de VEglise romaine contre les calomnies des protestants (Cologne, 1688, 1691), and many other works, said to number 111 in all.
(C. Pfender.)
Bibliography: Supplement au necrologe de I'abbaye . de Port-Royal-des-Champs, i. 498 sqq., Amsterdam, 1735; R. P. Tassin, Gelehrtengeschichte der Congregation von St. Maur, i. 505 sqq., Frankfort, 1773; KL, v. 350-353; Lichtenberger, ESR, v. 539-540.
GERBERT, gar'bart, MARTIN: Abbot of St. Blasien (St. Blaise) in the southern part of the Black Forest (20 m. s.e. of Freiburg), and one of the most learned ecclesiastics of the eighteenth century; b. at Horb-on-the-Neckar (31 m. s.w. of Stuttgart) Aug. 13, 1720; d. at his monastery May 3, 1793. He was educated at the Jesuit college of Freiburg, at Klingnau in Switzerland, and at the abbey of St. Blasien, where he was ordained priest in 1744, and chosen abbot in 1764. From 1759 to 1762 he traveled in Germany, Italy, and France, an 1 published a Latin account of his travels (St. Blasien, 1765; Germ, transl., Ulm, 1767). He was a zealous investigator of the history of monasteries, especially in the Black Forest, and his Historia ni'/rm sylvw ordinis S. Benedicti (3 vols., Cologne, 17N3-88) contains much valuable information on this subject. He published also a Codex epistolaris Rudolphi I. (St. Blasien, 1772), and completed the Taphographia principum Austria, begun by Rustenus Heer, a former member of the chapter of St. Blasien (vol. iv. of Herrgott's Monumenta domus Austriacw, Vienna, 1752). His favorite study, how-
ever, was the theory and history of music, and he enriched this field of literature with many valuable works: De cantu et musica sacra (2 vols., St. Blasien 1774); Monumenta veteris liturgia Alemannicw (2 vols., 1777-79); and Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra (3 vols., 1784). He wrote also several theological and ascetical treatises, one of which was directed against Jansenism.
(K. KLUPFELf.) Bibliography: J. Bader, Furstabt Martin Gerbert von St Blasien, Freiburg, 1875; KL, v. 353-356; ADB, viii. 725.
GERDES, gar'des, DANIEL: Professor of dogmatics and church history at the University of Groningen; b. at Bremen Apr. 16, 1698; d. at Groningen Feb. 11, 1765. He was the son of a respected merchant, studied theology in his native city and then in Utrecht under F. A. Lampe. In 1724 he became preacher at Wageningen in Holland, in 1726 professor of theology in Duisburg. From 1736 until his death he was professor at Groningen. His extensive scholarship and his piety made him the most distinguished personality of the university. In his Doctrina gratia sive compendium theologim dogmaticce (Duisburg, 1734; Groningen, 1744) he shows himself a very moderate disciple of Cocceius. His real importance lay in the sphere of church history. He presented the growth of the Evangelical faith, especially of the Reformed faith, in his Introductio in historiam Evangelii seculo XVI. passim per Europam renovati doctrinmque reformats (4 vols., Groningen, 1744- 1752) and Scrinium antiquarium sive miscellanea Groningana nova ad historiam reformationis ecclesiasticam prcecipue spectantia (8 vols., Groningen and Bremen, 1761-65), and wrote also about the Reformation in Italy, in the diocese of Salzburg, and in Bremen. Many important documents are given in these works. (E. F. Karl Muller.)
Bibliography: A short autobiography exists in his Miscellanea Duisbergensia, i. 126 sqq., 1732 sqq. E. Hollebeek treated of his life in the Freface to Gerdes' Specimen Italia reformats, Leyden, 1765; A. J. Van der Aa, Biographisch Woordenboek van der Nederlanden, vii. 123 sqq.; ADB, viii. 730-731.
GEREON, SAINT. See Theban Legion.
GERGESENES. See Gerasenes.
GERHARD, gar'hart, JOHANN: Lutheran dogmatician; b. at Quedlinburg (34 m. n.w. of Magdeburg), of distinguished family, Oct. 17, 1582; d. at Jena Aug. 17, 1637. At the age of fifteen he was afflicted with a serious illness and vowed to devote his life to the ministry if he should recover. Johann Arndt (q.v.), who preached at this time in Quedlinburg, took kindly to him and assisted Life. him with his counsel. In 1599 he went to the University of Wittenberg and devoted himself to the study of philosophy and theology. Complying with the wish of a relative and contrary to his vow, he took up the study of medicine, but after the death of the relative resumed theology. He removed to Jena, but profited less from the lectures of the professors there than from private study of the Bible and the Church Fathers. In 1603 he became master of arts. At this time the fame of the theological faculty at Marburg