THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
contain much that is clearly legendary and are decked out with miracles, including the story of a bloodless victory over the Picts and Saxons gained by the British under the lead of Germanus and Lupus by shouting " hallelujah " — the so-called " hallelujah victory." At the time of his death Germanus had gone to Ravenna to intercede at the imperial court for the Armoricans, who had revolted. Churches are dedicated to him and his name is preserved in legend in Wales and Cornwall. Bibliography: The Vita attributed to Constantius (used by Bede, Hist, eccl., i. 17-21), and done into meter with other material by the monk Heiricus or Hericus of Auxerre (d. S76), is with legends, miracula, and comment in ASB, July, vii. 1S4-2S7, and the metrical version is in MPL, cxxiv. 1131-1272. On the Vita consult L. M. Duru, Bibliotheque historique de I'Yonne, i. 48-89, Auxerre, 1850; C. Narbey, Etude critique sur la vie de S. Germain d' Auxerre, Paris, 1SS4. Duru, ut sup., i. 90-99, ii. 110-114, 183-189, 247-248, contains bibliographical material. Haddan and Stubbs.'CounciZs, i. 16-21, give excerpts from early sources. Consult: Tillemont, Memoires, xv. 1-30; Histoire littcraire de la France, ii. 256-261, Paris, 1735; W. Bright, Early English Church History, pp. 17-23, Oxford, 1897; DNB, xxi. 236-238; DCB, ii. 657-658.
GERMANUS, SAINT, OF PARIS: Bishop of Paris; b. in the district of Autun (230 m. s.e. of Paris) about 496; d. at Paris May 28, 576. He was of good family, and became head of the abbey of St. Symphorien at Autun about 540; about ten years later he became bishop of Paris, and as such took part in synods at Tours in 567 and Paris in 556 and 573 (MGH, Leg., sectio iii., Concilia, i., 1893, pp. 135, 145, 148). He did not shrink from excommunicating King Charibert I. for an amour with two sisters, winning by such faithfulness and courage the respect of the nobles, though his efforts to keep peace among them were of little avail. The people admired his rigidly ascetic life and his benevolence, and ascribed to him the gift of prophecy and miracles. He was buried in the Church of St. Vincent built by Childebert I. and consecrated by himself in 559; later it was named after Germanus and is now St. Germain des Pres. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Sources: a letter to Queen Brunhilde is in MPL, lxxii. 77 and in MGH, Epist., iii (1891), pp. 122- 124; and matter relating to him is in MGH, Dipl., i (1872), 5, no. 3. The Vita by his contemporary Fortunatus Venantius is in MGH, Auct. ant., iv. 2 (1885), 11- 27, and, with commentary, epitaphium, miracula, and tranrtatio, in ASB, May, vi. 774-805. Consult: Hist, litteraire de la France, iii. 310, iv. 44, Paris, 1735-38; A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, ii. 356-357, Leipsic, 1880; O. Holder-Egger, in NA, xviii (1893), 274-281.
GERMANY.
I. General Survey.
The Modern German Empire (§1). The Protestant Church (§ 2). The Roman Catholic Church (§ 3). Education (§ 4). II. Sectarianism in Germany. Meaning of "Sect" (§1).
Different Classes of Non-established Churches (§ 2). Attitude of the State toward Sects (§ 3). Means of Combating Sects (§ 4). Statistics (§ 5).
I. General Survey: Germany in the broadest sense is the country of an important branch of the Teutonic race, which first appears in history divided into numerous tribes occupying, roughly, the lands between the Rhine, the Danube, the Vistula, and
the sea. The Romans included all the tribes in the general designation Germani and called their country Germania. Since about the twelfth century the Germans have called themselves die Deutschen. In the time of the migrations, and later, German peoples have become incorporated in neighboring and more distant lands, and their territories have been invaded and permanently occupied by aliensnevertheless the bounds of Germany as a political designation have never materially changed. The conversion of the more important German tribes to Christianity is treated in separate articles (see Alemanni, Bavarians, etc., and notices of missionaries like Boniface). For the religious history of the older German Empire (more correctly the German-Roman or Holy Roman Empire) also, see articles like Charlemagne and other biographical sketches of important personages, names of places, events, periods, sects, and the like (Aachen; Augsburg, Religious Peace of; Anabaptists; etc.).
The modern German Empire, constituted in 1S71, has an area of 208,830 square miles and a population (1908) of 60,641,278. It occupies a large part of Central Europe, consisting of twenty-five sovereign states and the " imperial terrii. The tory " of Alsace-Lorraine. The king Modern of Prussia is hereditary head of the German federation, bearing the title German Empire. Emperor (not Emperor of Germany). It has colonial possessions aggregating 1,028,000 square miles in area, with a population of about 13,000,000 (12,500 Europeans), in Africa and Oceanica besides Kiau-Chau in China, which was ceded to Germany in 1898 on a lease for ninetynine years (see Africa, II.; Pacific Islands). According to the latest figures accessible (those of Kirchliches Jahrbuch, 1908) the people of the empire are divided religiously as follows:
646.S52
094,492
1,991
13,161
259,717 607,802
12,024
4,270
60,641,278
The Protestants thus embrace about two-thirds of the population (62.5 per cent, not counting the dissenters) and the Roman Catholics a little more than one-third (36.1 per cent). This is substantially the proportion that existed at the close of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, and the geographical distribution of Protestants and Roman Catholics is still nearly the same as it was two centuries ago. The Roman Church predominates in the South, the Protestant in the North. Roman Catholics form 60.6 per cent of the people in Baden, 70.7 per cent in Bavaria, 72.2 per cent in Alsace-Lorraine. In Saxony, on the other hand, 94.5 per cent are Protestant, in Sleswick-Holstein 97.2 per cent, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin 98.3 per cent, Other North- German states show a similarly high proportion of
be-
Protestants ....
Roman Catholics
Russian Orthodox
Greek Catholics . .
Dissenters (Baptists, Methodists, etc.;
low, II.)
Jews
Non-Christian religions (Mohammedans, Buddhists, etc.)
Other confessions (Pantheists, freethinkers, etc.)
Confessors of no religion
37, 22,