THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MAOAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
{Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KIM CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
VOLUME V GOAR — INNOCENT
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Copyright, 1909, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England
[Printed in the United States of America} Published November, 1909
EDITORS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief. ) Professor of Church History, New York University.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
Editor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on "The New International Encyclopedia," New York.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History an<
Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological
Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME V
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology.)
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations.)
Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) President of St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc.,
New York City.
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament.)
Professor of Oriental Languages, University College,
Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the Ne- Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mas.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.I
(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminar
(Baylor University), Waco, Tex.
CONTKIBUTOKS AND COLLABOKATOES, VOLUME Y
JUSTIN EDWARDS ABBOT, D.D.,
Missionary in Bombay, India.
ERNST CHRISTIAN ACHELIS, Th.D.,
Professor of Practical Theology, University of Marburg.
WILHELM ALTMANN, Ph.D.,
Director of the Deutsche Musiksammlung, Berlin.
FRANKLIN CARL ARNOLD, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Breslau.
JOHANNES BACHMANN (f), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Rostock.
HERMANN GEORG JULIUS BECK,
Consistorial Councilor and First Preacher, Baireuth.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECK-
WITH, D.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Konigsberg.
IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BEN-
ZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.
CARL ALBRECHT BERNOULLI, Th.Lic.
Professor in Berlin.
CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,
Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.
BERNHARD BESS, Th.Lic,
Librarian, University of Halle.
WILLIBALD BEYSCHLAG (f), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, University of Halle.
THEODORA CROSBY BLISS,
Writer on Missions.
EMIL BLOESCH (f), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, Bern.
HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME V
GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BON- WETSCH, Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Gottingen.
FRIEDRICH BOSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
Auxiliary Librarian, University Library, Marburg. GXJSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Retired Pastor, Stuttgart.
JOHANNES FRIEDRICH THEODOR BRIEGER, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Leipsic.
CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D.,
Litt.D.,
Professor of Theological Encyclopaedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
ARTHUR VON BROECKER, Th.D.,
Chief Pastor of Jacobikirche, Hamburg.
CARL VON BUCHRUCKER (f), Th.D., Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich.
FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen.
KARL BURGER (f), Th.D., Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich.
HEINRICH CARL CARSTENS (f),
Late Provost in Tondern, Prussia.
WALTER CASPARI, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
University Preacher and Professor of Practical Theology, University of Erlangen.
JOHAN ANTERS CEDERBERG, Th.D.,
Provost in St. Michel, Finland.
JACQUES EUGENE CHOISY, Th.D.,
Pastor in Geneva.
JOHN WILLIAM CLARK,
Corresponding and Executive Secretary of the National Indian Association.
JOSEPH BOURNE CLARKE, D.D.,
Editorial Secretary of the Congregational Home Missionary Society, New York.