THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
vol. iv., Washington, 1846). But as yet unprinted is his commentary on the Lord's Prayer, preserved in the Rhode Island Historical Society library at Providence, in which, in final form and most fully, his theological views are presented.
Bibliography: An introduction to the Simplicities Defence, ut sup. , contains much material, in Collections, ut sup., vol. ii. 9-20, cf. vol. iv. 89-92; J Sparks, Library of American Biography, 2d ser., v. 315-411, 15 vols., Boston, JS47-55. Consult also: T. Hutchinson. Hist of Massachusetts Bay, i. 117-124, 549, Boston, 1765; J. Winthrop, Hist, of Xew England, ed. J. Savage, ii. 57, 295-299, ib. 1853; DXB, xxii 251-253.
GOSHEN: A region in Egypt generally called the land of Goshen, which, according to J, was given by a king of Egypt at the request of Joseph to his father Jacob and his family as a dwellingplace, and held by his descendants till the Exodus (Gen. xlv. 10; Ex ix. 26). The priestly writer locates the Children of Israel in the " Land of Rameses '' (Gen. xlvii. 11), and the Elohist places them " among " the Egyptians. The location of Goshen is not definitely given in J, but it appears that the region was in the eastern part of Egypt and was, in contradistinction to the land they had left, a fruitful region. By their occupation as shepherds the Hebrews were debarred from living directly among the Egyptians (Gen. xlvi. 34), and the stretch of country eastward from Bubastis known as the Arabian or Heroopolitan region is almost certainly the region which J had in mind, furnishing as it did all the requisite conditions. The translators of the Septuagint, possessing a more exact knowledge of the Nile delta than J had, have fixed more definitely the location. They identify Goshen with " Gesem of Arabia," and place the Hebrews there, and fix also the place where Joseph met his father, viz., at the city of Heroopolis in the land of Rameses (Gen. xlvi. 28-29). This city was the capital of a district of lower Egypt which embraced the region of the modern Wadi Tumilat. By the excavations of E. Naville the site of Heroopolis is fixed at the modern Tell el-Mashkutah in the Wadi Tumilat, not far from the Isthmus of Suez, on the site of an older city the religious name of which was
Pitum, the Pithom (Coptic Pethom) of Ex. i. 11, on an arm or canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. This is confirmed by the Coptic version of Gen. xlvi. 2S. The Land of Rameses, in which Heroopolis lay, is shown also to be the same as a district Tkw. identical with the Succoth of Ex. xii. 37 or a district of it. To the Greeks the Arabia in which Gesem was located was the entire region between the valley of the Nile and the desert, under the protection of the god Spt, the chief city of which is called in the cuneiform Pisaptu. This district has been identified with the Arabian nome whose capital was Phakoussa, and again with Gesem, while the god-name Spt is preserved in the modern Saft al-Henneh. Of all this J knew nothing: it is the result of the desire of the translators of the Septuagint to identify more closely the Goshen of Genesis and Exodus. The attempt of Ptolemy to connect Phakoussa, the chief city of " Arabia " and the later Fakus, with Gesem, is shown by Naville's researches to be impossible; the only reconciliation is that in the course of time the name was changed. Phakoussa was doubtless a later capital northeast of Saft al-Henneh. Undoubtedly under the influence of the Septuagint, Arabic and Christian tradition located Goshen in this region. On the other hand, the Arabic author Makrizi located Goshen north of Cairo, at the junction of the caravan routes from the East to Egypt. Saadia and Abu Said locate Goshen at Sadir, placed by De Sacy between Belbeis and Salihieh, to the east of the delta, while Quatremere locates this at the entrance of the Wadi Tumilat. But these later determinations present so little of worth that not much more can be said than that Goshen was east of the delta and westward from the Isthmus of Suez. (G. Steindorff.)
Bibliography: The two important works are: E. Naville, Goshen and the Shrine of Saft el-Henneh, and The Store City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus, the 5th and 1st memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Fund, London, 1887, 1885. Consult further: A. Dillmann, in SBA, 1885, pp. 889 sqq.; idem, Genesis, vol. ii., Edinburgh, 1897; idem, Exodus und Leviticus, ed. V Ryssel, Leipsic, 1897. Also C. R. Gillett, in S. M. Jackson, Concise Dictionary, Appendix, New York, 1898, and see Egypt.
The Gospels a Single Literature (§ 1). The Gospels a Prophetic Response
(§ 2). Applied to Corporate Needs (§ 3). Causes of the Rise of the Gospels (§ 4). Papias and the " Logia " (§ 5).