RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hellenistic Greek Helpers in Need
ments of the vernacular, and the same is true of most of the books of the Septuagint; they swarm with words which were the abomination of the Atticists. Investigations into the individual books with reference to their inner character would be both timely and profitable. It is a significant fact for the religious-historical judgment of the earliest Christianity that the men of this, its classical time, were anything but bookish. In the more popular texts of the later Christian centuries, the legends, romances, letters, accounts of martyrs, and the like are to be seen monuments of the living speech on its way to become the New Greek (cf . H. Rheinhold, De grcecitate patrum apostolicorum librorumque apocryphorum, Halle, 1898, pp. 1-113; B. W Fritz, Die Briefe des Bischofs Synesius von Kyrene, Leipsic, 1898). (Adolf Dbissmann.)
Bibliography: Of first importance are the works of G. A. Deissmann, Bibelstudien and Neue Bibelstudien, 2 vols., Marburg, 1895-97, Eng. transl., 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1903; idem, Sprachgeschichtliche Beitrage . zur Erklarung des N. T., ib. 1897; idem, New Light on the O. T. from Graco-Roman Records, Edinburgh, 1907; and other works named supra, § 4; and J. H. Moulton, A Grammar of N. T. Greek, vol. i., Prolegomena, 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1908 (essential for the student of the New Testament). Consult: U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Ueber die Entstehung der griechischen Schriftsprache, Leipsic, 1879; K. Foy, Lautsystem der griechischen Vulgarsprache, Leipsic, 1879; K. Krumbacher, in Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung, vii (1885), 481-545; E. Hatch, Essays in Biblical Greek, Oxford, 1889; W. H. Simcox, The Language of the New Testament, New York, 1889; Apostolides, Du Grec alexandrin, Alexandria, 1892; idem, Essai sur Vhellenisme egyptien, vol. i., part i., Paris, 1898; G. N. Hatzidakis, Einleitung in die neugriechische Grammatik, Leipsic, 1892; E. D. Burton, Syntax of Moods and Tenses of N. T. Greek, Chicago, 1893; J. Viteau, jtttude sur le grec du N. T., Paris, 1893; O. Glaser, De ratione quoe intercedit inter sermonem Polybii et eum qui titulis sozculi iii.-i. apparet, Giessen, 1894; P. Kretschmer, Die attischen Vaseninschriften, Giitersloh, 1894; W. Schmidt, De Flavii Josephi elocutione observationes critical, Leipsic, 1894; G. B. Winer, Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Sprachidioms, ed. P. W. Schmiedel, Gottingen, 1894 sqq. ; H. A. A. Kennedy, Sources of N. T Greek, Edinburgh, 1895; A. Thumb, Handbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache, Strasburg, 1895; idem, Die griechische Sprache im Zeitalter des Hellenismus, Strasburg, 1901; G. Meyer, Griechische Grammatik, Leipsic, 1896; A. Theimer, Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Sprachgebrauchs im N. T., Horn, 1896; A. N. Jannaris, Historical Greek Grammar, London, 1897; T. Vogel, Zur Charakteristik des Lukas nach Sprache und Stil, Leipsic, 1897; S. Witkowski, Prodromus grammatics papyrorum Grcecarum, Cracow, 1897; K. Dieterich, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der griechischen Sprache, Leipsic, 1898; G. Heine, Synonymik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch, Leipsic, 1898; E. Mayser, Grammatik der griechischen Papyri, Leipsic, 1908; E. Schweizer, Grammatik der pergamenischen Inschriften, Berlin, 1898; K. Meisterhans, Grammatik der attischen Inschriften, Berlin, 1900; F. Blass, Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch, Gottingen, 1902, Eng. transl., London, 1905; R. Helbing, Grammatik der Septuaginta Laut- und Wortlehre, Gottingen, 1907; R. Meister, Prolegomena zu einer Grammatik der LXX, Vienna, 1907;^ J. Psichari, Essai sur le grec de le Septante, in Revue des Etudes juives, April, 1908.
Lexicons are: Wilke-Grimm, Lexicon Grasco-Latinum in libros N. T., Leipsic, 1888; J. H. Thayer, A Greek- English Lexicon of the N. T., New York, 1896; H. Cremer, Biblisch-theologisches Worterbuch der neutestamentlichen Gracitat, Gotha, 1895, Eng. transl. of earlier ed., Biblico- Theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek, Edinburgh, 1878; E. A. Sophocles, Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, New York, 1898. The Handwbrterbuch zu den Schriften des N. T. of E. Preuschen (Giessen, 1908 sqq.) seems to be insufficient; cf. Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1908, no. 30.
HELMICHIUS, WERNER: Dutch theologian; b. at Utrecht 1551; d. at Amsterdam Aug. 29, 1608. In 1578 he was pastor at Utrecht, and as an adherent of the consistorial party came into conflict with the advocates of more liberal tendencies, led by Hubert Duifhuis, displaying, however, a spirit of mildness and moderation that gained him the esteem of his opponents. In 1581 he delivered the first Protestant sermon in the Utrecht cathedral, and organized the Walloon community in that city. With the fall of the consistorial party Helmichius was removed from his post; he went as pastor to Delft, and, after repeatedly declining a call to the University of Leyden, became preacher to the Amsterdam community in 1602. Upon the death of Philips van Marnix (q.v.) in 1598, the work of completing the translation of the Bible which the latter left uncompleted was entrusted to Helmichius, who, however, also left the work unfinished. Of his works, which were published posthumously, the most important is Psalmorurn Davidis et aliorum prophetarum analysis (Amsterdam, 1621).
(G. Kaweratj.)
Bibliography: Wernerus Helmichius, Utrecht, 1895.
HELMOLD : Preacher of Bosow, a village on the Plon Lake in Holstein; b. in Holstein; d. after 1177. He was a younger friend of Vicelin (q.v.), and at the instigation of Gerhard, the first bishop of Liibeck, wrote a chronicle of the Wends, with the intention of showing " how Christianity and the German rule (through colonists from Westphalia and Holland) had gained a firm footing among the Wends, especially in Wagria." The chronicle treats chiefly of Henry the Lion and the new bishopric of Oldenburg- Lubeck, and is written in comparatively good Latin, but is quite unreliable. It extends to 1171, but was not concluded until after 1172. The last trace of Helmold is found in the list of witnesses to the deed of foundation of the monastery of St. John in Liibeck, 1177. (Wilhelm Altmann.)
Bibliography: Helmold's Chronica Slavorum, ed. J. M. Lappenberg, is in MGH, Script, xxi (1869), 1-99, and by W. Wattenbach in Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, 12th year, vol. vii., 1888. Consult: P. Regel, Helmold und seine Quellen, Jena, 1883; O. Volkel, Die Slavenchronik Helmolds, "Wattenbach, DGQ, ii (1894), 338 sqq.; Potthast, Wegweiser, i. 576-577.
HELPERS IN NEED, THE FOURTEEN : A group of twice seven saints especially honored in Roman Catholic Germany since the middle of the fifteenth century. They belong to various peoples and periods, and bear the names Achatius, iEgidius (or Giles, q.v.), Barbara, Blasius (Blaise), Catherine (the Martyr), Christopher, Cyriacus, Dionysius (Areopagita ?), Erasmus, Eustachius, George, Margaret, Pantaleon, and Vitus. Sporadically the number is increased to fifteen by the insertion of a St. Magnus (Bishop Magnus of Oderzo, near Treviso, in Italian tradition; Abbot Magnus of Fussen-am- Lech in South German legend). Those not treated in special articles are the following: (1) Achatius (more correctly Acacius), is said to have been a bishop of Melitene in Lesser Armenia, who fearlessly professed his faith in the Decian persecution and thus gained mercy from his judge. (2) Blasius, or Blaise, bishop of Sebaste in Armenia, martyred, according to tradition, about 316, is said to have possessed
Helpers in Need Helvetic Consensus