THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Sweden before her reception into the Church of Rome. His literary undertakings, which were of such a comprehensive nature that he could not finish them before his death, were of great importance for the Liber pontificalis, Liber diurnus pontificum Romanorum, the older martyrologies and monastic rules (Codex regularum etc., 3 vols., Rome, 1661), papal briefs and acts of councils (Collectio Romana veterum aliquot historice ecclesiasticce monumentorum, 1662). (E. HENKEf.)
Bibliography: The reports concerning Holste are carefully collected in J. Moller, Cimbria literata, iii. 321-342, Copenhagen, 1744. Consult: [N. Wilckens], Leben des gelehrten Luc. Holstenii, Hamburg, 1723; ADB, xii. 776; A. Rass, Die Convertiten seit der Reformation, v. 186 sqq., Freiburg, 1867.
HOLSTEN, KARL CHRISTIAN JOHANN: Theologian of the Tubingen School; b. at Giistrow (100 m. n.n.w. of Berlin), Mecklenburg, Mar. 31, 1825; d. at Heidelberg Jan. 26, 1897. He was educated at Leipsic, Berlin, and Rostock (Ph.D., 1853), and became teacher of religion, German, and Greek in the Rostock gymnasium (1852), remaining in this position until 1870. Through his writings on the Pauline theology he attracted the attention of the leaders of the theological Reformatory movement in Switzerland, and was called in 1870 to the University of Bern. Besides his duties as professor he rendered great services to the development of the school-system in that city. In 1876 he accepted a call to Heidelberg, where he held the chair of New Testament theology until his death.
Holsten's literary and academic activity lay chiefly in the sphere of Pauline theology, of the synoptic Gospels, and philosophy of religion. Like Pfleiderer, he traced the history of primitive Christianity to a pantheistic basis. In the original congregation there were countercurrents of two forms of consciousness. After Jesus had awakened in Peter the spirit of the inwardness of the law and of indifference to its external forms, he preached the Gospel of salvation from sin through the death of Christ, and, in like manner, Paul successfully taught justification through the death of the Messiah. But under the influence of James there arose an anti- Pauline and Judaistic Gospel. James counteracted the influence of Peter and the original apostles, and suppressed even the gospel of Paul, until with his death and the destruction of Jerusalem there came again into prominence the freer spirit of the original Gospel which binds to the law in its inward form, but loosens from its ritual bonds. Our Synoptic Gospels correspond to these three tendencies, and are, therefore, to be considered as Tendenzschriften. The original Gospels of Peter, Paul, and James, corresponding to our canonical Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, have been lost. Within thirty years after the death of Jesus all consciousness of the historical facts of Christ's life had disappeared, and its representation was now made serviceable to dogmatic purposes by violating history. Our canonical Gospel of Matthew represents the Gospel of Peter and is based upon an anti-Pauline and Judaistic Gospel; it originated from a reaction of the Jewish Christianity of Peter against the anti-Pauline Judaism of James. Our Gospel of Mark forms the counterpart of the Gospel of Matthew in being based
entirely upon the views of Paul. After the authority of Evangelical history had been shaken by these two different tendencies, Luke tried to establish it anew. We have therefore: (1) primitive Petrinism, which is related to Paulinism as being free from law, without drawing the last consequences; (2) Paulinism; (3) anti-Pauline Judaism under James (until about the year 70); (4) the restitution of non-legal Petrinism, especially in the beginning of the second century. The principal works in which Holsten laid down these views are Das Evangelium des Paulus (Berlin, 1880); Die drei urspriXnglichen, noch ungeschreibenen Evangelien. Zur synoptischen Frage (Carlsruhe and Leipsic, 1883) ; and Die synoptischen Evangelien nach der Form ihres Inhaltes (Heidelberg, 1885). The principal work of Holsten in the field of philosophy of religion is his Ursprung und Wesen der Religion (Berlin, 1886). The influence of Schleiermacher which pervades all his works shows itself especially here, where he found the basis and essence of religion in feeling. (Mehlhoen.)
Bibliography: Consult the memorial address of A. Hausrath at Heidelberg, Jan. 29, 1897, Heidelberg, 1897, and P. Mehlhorn, Zum Gedachtniss Karl Holstens, in Das Evangelium des Paulus, part ii., Berlin, 1898.
HOLTZMANN, HEINRICH JULIUS: German Protestant; b. at Carlsruhe May 17, 1832. He was educated at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin, and, after being a pastor in Baden from 1854 to 1857, became privat-docent at Heidelberg in 1858. Three years later he was appointed associate professor and was advanced to a full professorship in 1865. In 1874 he accepted a call to Strasburg as professor of New Testament exegesis, a position which he retained until 1904, when he became professor emeritus. In theology he is one of the leading representatives of the critical school. Among his writings special mention may be made of his Kanon und Tradition (Basel, 1859) ; Die synoptischen Evangelien, ihr Ursprung und geschichtlicher Charakter (Leipsic, 1863) ; Geschichte des Volkes Israel und die Entstehung des Christentums (in collaboration with G. Weber; 2 vols., 1867); Kritik der Epheser- und Kolosserbriefe auf Grund einer Analyse ihrer Ycrwandschaftsverhdltnisse (Leipsic, 1872) ; Die Pastoralbriefe, kritisch und exegetisch behandelt (1880); Lexikonfiir Theologie und Kirchenwesen (in collaboration withR. Zopffel; 1882); Lehrbuch der historischkritischen Einleitung in das Neue Testament (Freiburg, 1885); Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Theologie (2 vols., 1896-97); R. Rothes speculative^ System (1899); Gesammelte Predigten (Carlsruhe, 1901); Die Entstehung des Neuen Testaments (Halle, 1905) ; and Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu (Tubingen, 1907). He likewise contributed the volumes on the Apocrypha and the New Testament to C. C. J. Bunsen's Bibelwerk (2 vols., Leipsic, 1866, I860), on John, the Synoptic Gospels, Acts, the Johannine Epistles, and Revelation to the Hand-Kommcntar zum Neuen Testament, which he edited in collaboration with R. A. Lipsius, P. W. Schmiedel, and H. von Soden (Freiburg, 1889,1890, 1891 ; 3d ed. of the Commentary on the Johannine writings, Tubingen, 1908), and assisted K. Budde in editing Eduard Reuss' Briefwcchsel mil scinem Schvler und Frcunde Karl Heinrich Graf (Giessen, 1904).