RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hurlbut
Huss
Nomenclator literarius recentioris theologies catholicw (5 vols., 1871-1903); Theologies dogmaticce compendium (3 vols., 1878; 11th ed., 1903); and Medulla iheologiw dogmaticce (1880); besides editing Sanctorum Patrum opuscula selecta ad usum prcesertim studiosorum theologice (48 vols., 1868-85; 2d series, 6 vols., 1884-92); Leonardi Lessii de summo bono etxeterna beatitudine hominis libri quatuor (Freiburg, 1869); D. Thomas Aquinatis sermones (Innsbruck, 1874); and S. Storchenau's Der Glaube des Christen, vie er sein soil (Freiburg, 1895).
HUSCHKE, GEORG PHILIPP EDUARD: Jurist and authority on church government; b. at Mtinden June 26, 1801; d. at Breslau Feb. 7, 1886. In 1817 he went to Gottingen and studied law. He was attracted by Savigny in Berlin, but returned to Gottingen and established himself as privat-docent, lecturing on the orations of Cicero, on Gaius and the history of law; then he was appointed professor in Rostock. He accepted a call to Breslau as professor of Roman law in 1827. Soon after his arrival he became interested in the dissensions caused by
the Evangelical Union which were forced upon the orthodox Lutherans by the state rulers, and took a prominent part in them. Huschke tried to solve the problem practically as soon as he came to Breslau. Out of the dispute originated the independent Lutheran Church, and Huschke, as the defender of its rights, was appointed head of the supreme church college. He was intensely hostile to the papacy, in which he saw the realization of a demoniac power. He was an eager student of the apocalypse. The fruit of his studies was a work entitled Das Buch mit sieben Siegeln (Dresden, 1860). His exegesis, however, is not always sound. His ideas on church government are laid down in Die streitigen Lehren von der Kirche, dem Kirchenamt, dem Kirchenregiment und der Kirchenregierung (Leipsic, 1863). He published many important writings on law. (R. Rocholl.)
Bibliography: L. Feldner, Die Verhandlungen der Kommission zur Erorterungder Prinzipiender Kirchenverfassung, Halle, 1860; J. F. von Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des canonischen Rechts, iii. 241 sqq., Stuttgart, 1880; J. H. Reinkens, Melchior von Diepenbrock, p. 333. Leipsic, 1881; J. Nagel, Wider Wangemann, Cottbus, 1882.
The Life and Work of Huss. Early Life and Studies (§ 1). Influence of Wyclif in Bohemia The Papal Schism (§ 3). Indulgences (§ 4). Further Dissensions (§ 5). The Council of Constance (§ 6). Trial of Huss (§ 7).
HUSS, JOHN, HUSSITES.
Condemnation andExecution (§ 8). Huss' Character, Writings, and (§2). Teachings (§ 9).
Source of his Influence (§ 10). II. The Hussites.
Effect in Bohemia of the Death of
Huss (§1). Two Parties in Bohemia (§ 2).
The Four Articles of Prague (§ 3).
Calixtines or Utraquists, and Taborites (§ 4).
The Hussite Wars (§ 5).
The Council of Basel and Compactata of Prague (§6).
Final Disappearance of the Hussites (§ 7).
I. The Life and "Work of Huss: John Huss, the famous Reformer of Bohemia, was born at Hussinetz (Husinecz; 75 m. s.s.w. of Prague) i. Early July 6, 1369, as commonly given; but Life and the day is an inference from the fact Studies, that his followers honored his memory on July 6, the day of his death, and the year is probably too late; he was burned at the stake in Constance, June 6, 1415. John Huss is his common English designation, but the name is more correctly written, according to Slavic spelling, Hus. It is an abbreviation from his birthplace made by himself about 1399; in earlier life he was always known as Johann or Jan Hussinetz, or, in Latin, Johannes de Hussinetz. His parents were Czechs, in narrow circumstances. Like Luther, he had to earn his living by singing and performing humble services in the Church. He felt inclined toward the clerical profession, not so much by an inner impulse as by the attraction of the tranquil life of the clergy. He studied at Prague, where he must have been as early as the middle of the eighties. He was greatly influenced by Stanislaus of Znaim, who later was long his intimate friend, but finally his bitter enemy. As a student Huss did not distinguish himself. The learned quotations of which he boasted in his writings were mostly taken from Wyclif's works. A hot temper and arrogance were traits of his character, and he was not free from sophistry. In 1393 he became bachelor of arts, in 1394 bachelor of theology, and in 1396 master of arts. In 1400 he was ordained priest, in 1401 he became dean of the philosophical faculty, and in the following year
rector. In 1402 he was appointed also preacher of the Bethlehem Church in Prague, where he preached in the Czech language.
After the marriage of King Wenceslaus' sister, Anne, with Richard II. of England in 1382, the philosophical writings of Wyclif be- 2. Influence came known in Bohemia. As a student of Wyclif in Huss had been greatly attracted by Bohemia, them, particularly by his philosophical realism. His inclination toward ecclesiastical reforms was awakened only by the acquaintance with Wyclif 's theological writings. The so-called Hussism in the first decades of the fifteenth century was nothing but Wyclifism transplanted into Bohemian soil. As such it maintained itself until the death of Huss, then it turned into Utraquism, and with logical sequence there followed Taboritism (see below). The theological writings of Wyclif spread widely in Bohemia. They had been brought over, as is said, in 1401 or 1402 by Jerome of Prague, and Huss was greatly moved by them. The university arose against the spread of the new doctrines, and in 1403 prohibited a disputation on forty-five theses taken in part from Wyclif. Under Archbishop Sbinko of Hasenburg (from 1403), Huss enjoyed in the beginning a great reputation. In 1405 he was active as synodical preacher, but on account of his severe attacks upon the clergy the bishop was compelled to depose him.
The development of conditions at the University of Prague depended to a great extent on the question of the papal schism (see Schism). King Wenceslaus, who was on the point of assuming the reins of
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