RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hymnology
Presbyterian hymnal appeared in 1828-29. While denominational activity has continued throughout the history of this country, in later times hymnologists like Edwin F. Hatfield, Thomas Hastings, Philip Schaff, who collaborated with R. D. Hitchcock, and Charles Seymour Robinson compiled hymnals which were intended for interdenominational use, and were so employed. Two movements have contributed to the volume, if not to the quality, of American hymns, the Sunday-school movement and the revivalist services under the leadership of Dwight L. Moody with the assistance of P. P. Bliss and Ira D. Sankey. Unfortunately the majority of these hymns are such that their continued use is not to be desired, while the quality of the music to which they are sung is even poorer than that of the hymns.
Among the individual writers whose work justifies the perpetuation of their memory are: Samson Occom (Ockum, Occum, 1723-92), a Montauk Indian and successful missionary to his own people, who wrote " Waked by the gospel's joyful sound," and with Joshua Smith and others compiled a
small hymnal originally published at Wilkes-
2. Individual barre, Pa.; Samuel Davies (1723-61), who
HymnistS. wrote sixteen hymns, among them " Lord,
I am thine, entirely thine "; Nathan Strong (1748-1816), principal editor of the Hartford Selection (1799) and author of " Swell the anthem, raise the song "; Timothy Dwight, the editor of Barlow's revision of Watts and the author of " I love thy kingdom, Lord "; Francis Scott Key (1779-1843), the author of the Star-Spangled Banner, who also wrote several hymns; Asahel Nettleton (1783- 1844), the compiler of Village Hymns (a constant source for later hymnals) and is said to have written " Come, Holy Ghost, my soul inspire "; Thomas Hastings (1784-1872), known both for his services to the music of hymnody as distinguished from the words and for the hymn " Gently, Lord, oh, gently lead us "; William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878), whose hymns have not the celebrity of his other poems; William Augustus Muhlenberg (1796-1877), " I would not live alway "; George Washington Doane (1799-1859), " Softly now the light of day "; James Waddell Alexander (1804-59), whose splendid rendering " O sacred head now wounded " so faithfully reproduces the spirit of the original (see Gerhardt, Paul); Frederic Henry Hedge (1805- 1890), author of the favorite rendering of Luther's battle hymn, " A mighty fortress is our God," which is rivaled only by Carlyle's rendering " A firm defense our God is still "; John Greenleaf Whittier (1807-92), " We may not climb the heavenly steeps "; Ray Palmer (1808-87), perhaps the most prolific of fine hymns of all American hymnodists, "My faith looks up to thee "; Samuel Francis Smith (1808-95), " My country, 'tis of thee"; Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-94), " Lord of all being, throned afar "; James Freeman Clarke (1810-88), compiler of hymnals and writer of " Father, to us thy children humbly kneeling "; Samuel Longfellow (1819-92), editor of hymnals and author of " Go forth to life, O child of earth "; Frances Jane van Alstyne ("Fanny Crosby," 1823- ), " 'Tis the blessed hour of prayer." Phoebe Cary (1827-71) collaborated with Dr. Deems on Hymns for all Christians (1869) and wrote " One sweetly solemn thought"; and Washington Gladden (1836- ), " 0 Master, let me walk with thee."
Geo. W. Gilmore.
Bibliography: The two dictionaries are Julian, Hymnology, and A. F. Fischer, Kirchenlieder Lexicon, Gotha, 1879. In Julian special sections deal with the subject as treated in the text, with Latin, English, German, etc., hymnology. For sources the reader is referred to: H. A. Daniel, Thesaurus hymnologicus, 5 vols., Leipsic, 1841-56 (in which a vast number of texts are given); Analecta hymnicamedii cevi, ed. C. Blume and G. M. Dreves, vols, i.-xlix., Leipsic, 1886-1906 (the largest collection of sources); C. TJ. J. Chevalier, Repertorium hymnologicum, 3 vols., Louvain, 1892-1904; P. Wackernagel, Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der altesten Zeit bis 14. Jahrhundert, 5
vols., Leipsic, 1864-77; idem, Das deutsche Kirchenlied von Martin Luther bis auf Nicolaus Hermann, Stuttgart, 1841; MGH, Poet. Lat. cevi Car., and Poet. Lot. med. cevi;
F. J. Furnivall, Hymns to the Virgin and Christ, London, 1895 (edited for the English Text Society); J. H. Todd, The Book of Hymns of the Ancient Church of Ireland, 2 parts, Dublin, 1855-69 (edited for the Irish Archeological Society); J. H. Bernard and R. Atkinson, The Irish Liber Hymnorum, 2 vols., Oxford, 1898 (with glossary and translation).
Of anthologies the following may be mentioned: A. J. Rambach, Anthologie christlicher Gesange aus alien Jahrhunderten der Kirche, Altona, 1817; J. M. Neale, Hymni ecclesim et sequential, London, 1851-52; F. Mone, Lateinische Hymnen des Mittelalters, 3 vols., Freiburg, 1853-55; F. Basler, Auswahl altchristlicher Lieder, 2.-15. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1858; F. D. Huntingdon, Hymns of the Ages, 3 vols., Boston, 1860-64; R. C. Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry, London, 1864; K. Simrock, Lauda Sion, Cologne, 1868; P. Schaff, Christ in Song, New York, 1869; W. Christ and M. Paranikas, Anthologia Grceca carminum Christianorum, Leipsic, 1871; D. T. Morgan, Hymns of the Latin Church Translated, London, 1871; W. J. Loftie, The Latin Year, ib. 1873; F. A. March, Latin Hymns with English Notes, New York, 1874; P. Schaff and A. Gilman, Library of Religious Poetry, New York, 1886; D. Morrison, Great Hymns of the Church, London, 1890; W A. Merrill, Latin Hymns Selected and Annotated, Boston, 1904; D. J. Donahoe, Early Christian Hymns; Translations of the Verses of the most notable Latin Writers of the Early and Middle Ages, New York, 1908.
On the hymnody of the Eastern Church consult: J. B. Pitra, Hymnographie de Veglise grecque, Rome, 1867; E. Bouvy, Poetes et Melodes. Etude sur les origines du rhythme tonique dans I'hymnographie de Veglise grecque, Nimes, 1886; J. M. Neale, Hymns of the Eastern Church, London, 1888; G. S. Barrett, The Earliest Christian Hymn, ib. 1897; R. M. Moorsom, Renderings of Church Hymns from Eastern Office Books, London, 1901; J. Brownlie, Hymns of the Eastern Church, Paisley, 1902.
On the hymns of the Latin Church consult: P. A. Schubiger, Die Sangerschule St. Gallens, 8.-12. Jahrhundert, New York, 1858; J. Pauly, Hymni breviarii Romani, 3 vols. Aachen, 1868-70; J. C. F. Bahr, Die christlichen Dichter . Roms, Carlsruhe, 1872; S. G. Pimont, Les Hymnes du breviaire romain, vols, i.-iii., Paris, 1874-84; K. A. Beck, Geschichte des katholischen Kirchenliedes von seinen ersten Anfangen, Cologne, 1878; S. W. Duffield, Latin Hymn Writers and their Hymns, New York, 1887; A. Devaux, De Vhymnologie latine, Lyon, 1890; M. Manitius, Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Poesie bis zur Mitte des 8. Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1891; C. U. J. Chevalier, Poesie liturgique du moyen age, Paris, 1893; idem, Poesie liturgique de Veglise catholique en Occident, Tournai, 1894; A. Dechevrens, Du rhythme dans I'hymnographie latine, Paris, 1895; N. Spiegel, Untersuchungen ilber die altere christliche Hymnenpoesie, 2 parts, Wiirzburg, 1896-97; C. Blume and G. M. Dreves, Hymnologische Beitrage. Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte der lateinischen Hymnendichtung, vols., i.-iii., Leipsic, 1897-1901; C. F. S. Warren, The Dies Ira;, London, 1897; C. Albin, La Poesie du breviare, vol. i., Lyons, 1899; F. Leitner, Der gottesdienstliche Volksgesang im judischen und christlichen Altertum, Freiburg, 1906.
On German hymnody: K. Severin Meister and W. Baumker, Das katholische deutsche Kirchenlied . . bis 17. Jahrhundert, 2 vols., Freiburg, 1862-83; Catherine Winkworth, Christian Singers of Germany, London, 1869; idem, Lyra Germanica, new issue, ib. 1901; E. E. Koch, Geschichte des Kirchenlieds . . der deutsch-evangelischen Kirche, 6 vols., Stuttgart, 1866-72; O. Wetstein, Das deutsche Kirchenlied im 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Neus'trelitz, 1888; T. Odinga, Das deutsche Kirchenlied der Schweiz im Reformationsalter, Frauenfeld, 1889; P. Wolfram, Die Entstehung des deutschen evangelischen Kirchenliedes in musikalischer Beziehung, Leipsic, 1890; R. Wolkan Das Kirchenlied der Bohmischen Bruder im 16. Jahrhunderte, Prague, 1891; R. von Liliencron Zur Liederdichtung der Wiedertaufer, Prague, 1892; E. Woltt, Das deutsche Kirchenlied des 16.-17. Jahrhunderts, htuttgart, 1894; J. Westphal, Das evangelische Kirchenlied nach seiner geschichtlichen Entwickelung, Leipsic, l901: A F W. Fischer, Das deutsche evangelische Kirchenlied des 17. jahrhunderts, 3 vols., Gutersloh, 1902-05; W. Nelle Unsere Kirchenliederdichter, Hamburg, 1905.
On French hymnody: F. Bovet, Hist, du psautier des egiises reformees, Neuchatel, 1872; O. Douen. Clement
Hypapante Hyssop