RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Ignatius of Loyola Illuminati
of Loccum (1894-98); was appointed professor of systematic theology at Erlangen (1898); and at Leipsic (1903). In theology he represents orthodox Lutheranism. He has written Rechtfertigung des Sunders vor Gott (Brunswick, 1888); Wie werden wir der christlichen Wahrheit gewiss f (Leipsic, 1900) ; Die Selbststandigkeit der Dogmatih gegenuber der Religionsphilosophie (1900); Die christliche Wahrheitsgewissheit, ihr letzter Grund und ihre Entstehung (1901); Die tdgliche Vergebung der Sundew, (1901); Die Bedeutung des Autoritatsglaubens (1902); Theo- ■nomie und Autonomic im Licht der christlichen Ethik (1902); Jesus Christus die Wahrheit und das Leben (2 sermons, 1903) ; Wer war Jesus, was wollte Jesus ? (1905); Die Auferstehung Jesu Christi (1906) ; and Eins ist Not (sermons ; 1906) .
I. H. S. See Jesus Christ, Monogram of.
ILDEPHONSUS, il"de-fen'sus: Archbishop of Toledo; b. at Toledo 607; d. there Jan. 23, 667 Of his life little is known. At an early age he became inspired with love of the monastic life and entered a cloister in his native city, despite the strong opposition of his father. He later founded a nunnery near Toledo, and about 630 was ordained Levite by Helladius. Some time afterward he became abbot of the monastery, and in Nov., 657, he was consecrated archbishop of Toledo. He is best known as the champion of the worship of the Virgin Mary in Spain, and his views were advanced in his Libellus de virginitate sanctce Marice contra tres infideles, which at once met with high esteem. He also wrote an extension of Isidore's De vir. ill. in fourteen chapters, beginning with Gregory the Great, and treating of seven bishops of Toledo and five of other Spanish dioceses, and the monk Donatus. The treatment is not free from superficialities, although it must be borne in mind that at that period ecclesiastical authorship was at a low ebb. A third work of this author which has been preserved is the twofold Annotationes de cognitione baptismi and de progressu spiritualis deserti. The latter part is a description of life from baptism to heaven, with a panegyric on the desert and a curious interpretation of a number of Biblical names from botany and zoology. The Cognitio baptismi reproduces a work of the sixth century, possibly by Justinian of Valencia on regeneration in baptism. The first twelve chapters, as well as the concluding sections and a citation from Gregory the Great, were added by Ildephonsus. Some of his letters have been preserved, and the wording of his masses caused the Adoptionists, a century later, to regard him as one of their forerunners. He was buried at Toledo, and the napkin given him by the Virgin when she appeared to him was treasured at Oviedo. A small church at Rome is dedicated to him and St. Thomas of Villanova.
(Edgar Hennecke.) Bibliography: The works are most easily accessible in MPL, xcvi. The Vita by Julianus Hispanus is in ASB, Jan., ii. 536-539, and MPL, xevi. 43-48. Consult: P. Gams, Kirchengeschichte Spaniens, II., ii. 135-138, Regensburg, 1874; A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, i. 568-602, Leipsic, 1889; G. von Dzialowski, in Kirchengeschichttiche Studien, iv. 2, pp. 125 sqq., Minister, 1898; Ceillier, Auteura sacres, xi. 773- 776, xiv. 412; DCB, iii. 223-225. V— 29
ILLGEN, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH: German theologian; b. at Chemnitz (20 m. e.n.e. of Zwickau), Sept. 16, 1786; d. at Leipsic Aug. 4, 1844. He studied in the University of Leipsic, where he was appointed associate professor of philosophy in 1818, and of theology in 1823, becoming full professor in 1825. He was later appointed canon. He was the author of a number of programs, of which the most important were the following: Vita Lalii Socini (Leipsic, 1814-26); Memoria utriusque catechismi Lutheri (1829-30); and Historia collegii philobiblici (1836-40). He likewise wrote Ueber den Werth der christlichen Dogmengeschichte (Leipsic, 1817), a work of little value, and Die Verkldrung des irdischen Lebens durch das Evangelium (1823), a volume of sermons. In 1814 he founded the Leipziger historisch-theologische Gesellschaft, and in 1832 established the Zeitschrift fur historische Theologie (Leipsic and Gotha, 1832-75), which he edited from 1832 until his death, when the editorship devolved on C. W Niedner and later on K. F. G. Kahnis.
Bibliography: B. Lindner, in ZHT, 1845, p. 3.
ILLUMINATI: A name given by the Church Fathers to the baptized, and at a later time borne by several societies. It was given to a mystical sect that appeared in Spain in 1524 under the name of Alumbrados or Alombrados (q.v.). This society was abolished by the Inquisition, but reappeared in 1623 in France under the name of Guerinets, to perish there in 1635. A similar sect, originating about 1722 in southern France, existed until the Revolution (1794). In more recent times the name "Illuminati" refers principally to the members of a secret society founded on May 1, 1776, by Adam Weishaupt (b. at Ingolstadt Feb. 6, 1748; d. at Gotha Nov. 18, 1830), professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, and patterned after the model of the Jesuit order. Aside from gratifying his ambition, Weishaupt's object was to combat religion and further rationalism. From Ingolstadt he spread his propaganda to Eichstadt, Freising, Munich, and other places. Every candidate had to give a written promise to tell nobody of this society. He learned nothing of his superiors and of the origin of the society, but was confirmed in the belief that the order could be traced back to antiquity, and that its members included even popes and cardinals. The candidate was bound by an oath to seize every opportunity to serve humanity and to better knowledge; he further vowed eternal silence and strict obedience. Every month he had to send a report to his superior, whom he did not know. Each member received a name usually borrowed from classical literature, such as Socrates, Alcibiades, Cato, Marius; Weishaupt called himself Spartacus. Weishaupt had at heart the collection of a large library, for the purpose of establishing an academy of scholars. In order to obtain books, his associates were not to shrink from the theft of manuscripts; for Weishaupt taught them " sin is only that which is hurtful, and if the profit is greater than the damage, it becomes a virtue."
The fantastic work of Weishaupt would have fallen to pieces if Baron von Zwack (Cato) had not secured for the society a firmer hold by con-
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