THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
(1566), Gregory XIII. (1578-83), Paul V. (1609), and Urban VIII. (1627). In its latest form the bull begins with an excommunication of various heretics and schismatics individually, and condemns also those who appeal from papal decrees to a general council, pirates, wreckers, etc. It is not to be wondered at that this bull was regarded by secular powers as an infringement of their rights and its proclamation prohibited. Clement XIV. discontinued its publication at Rome in 1770, and Pius IX. finally abolished it by the constitution Apostolicce sedis of Oct. 12, 1869, though this constitution is in certain points, especially as concerns heretics, practically a repetition of the Bulla Ccence.
(E. Feiedbehg.)
Bibliography: The bull of Nicholas III. is given in Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, pp. 309-310. Consult: Le Bret, Pragmatische Geschichte des . Bulla in cosna Domini, Ulm, 1769; F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bilcher, i. 71, 88, 603, Bonn, 1883; J. J. I. von Dollinger, Das Papstthum, pp. 215 sqq., Munich, 1892.
INCHOFER (IMHOFER), MELCHIOR: Roman Catholic theologian; b. at Vienna (according to others at Guns [55 m. n.e. of Graz], Hungary) 15S4 or 1585; d. at Milan Sept. 28, 1648. In 1607 he entered the order of the Jesuits in Rome, and after the completion of his novitiate went to Messina, where he taught philosophy, mathematics, and theology. In his Epistolce Beatce Maries Virginis ad Messanenses Veritas vindicata (Messina, 1629) he endeavored to prove the genuineness of the epistle and the apostolic activity of Paul at Messina, but the Congregation of the Index summoned him to Rome and suppressed the first edition, although he was permitted to remove all objectionable features from his work and republish it under the title De Epistola Beatce Virginis Marios ad Messanenses Conjectatio (Viterbo, 1631). In 1634 he resumed his professorship in Sicily, where he remained until 1636, when his order called him to Rome that he might devote himself entirely to literary labors. His dispute with Joachim Pasqualigo on the immorality of making castrati, and his appointment as member of the congregation of the Index and of the holy office dissatisfied him with Rome, and at his own request he was transferred in 1646 to the college at Macerata, where he intended to devote his leisure hours to the compilation of a history of martyrs. For this purpose he undertook a journey to the Ambrosian library at Milan, but died on the way. In addition to the works already noted, he wrote Annates ecclesiastici regni Hungarice (Rome, 1644), and Historia sacrce Latinitatis (Messina, 1635), in which he elevated Latin to the rank of a heavenly court language and regarded it as the speech of the blessed. He was also the author of some astronomical works, and in three polemical treatises (1638-41) he defended the order of the Jesuits and its mode of education. He attained his chief fame, however, by the anonymous Lucii Cornelii Europcei monorchia Solipsorum, ad virum clarissimum Leonem Allatium (Venice, 1645), which was incorrectly attributed to him.
(G. E. STEITZf.)
Bibliography: Niceron, Memoires, xxxv. 322-346, xxxix. 165-230; A. and A. de Backer, Bibliotheque de la compagnie de JSsus, ed. C. Sommervogel, iv. 561 sqq Paris 1893; KL, vi. 629-631.
INCLUSI, INCLUS.S: : The name given to a monk or a nun who was permanently enclosed in a cell near or within a cloister, from which withdrawal might take place only by permission of the bishop. The life of the secluded nun is portrayed in the Regula sive institutio inclusarum ascribed to Ailred (q. v.), MPL, exev., cf. xxxii. 1451 sqq.
INCORPORATION : As applied to an ecclesiastical benefice, its union with a spiritual corporation, such as a monastery, with reference to things spiritual and temporal. Such incorporations occurred frequently as early as the ninth century. The effect was that the office connected with the benefice ceased to exist as an independent office, and passed over, with the temporalities, to the corporation, which was charged with the performance of all duties attached thereto. In the case of a parochial benefice, the corporation was required to appoint a vicar, who exercised the actual cure of souls. Different from these complete incorporations were others which related only to the temporalities of a benefice. These came into the possession of the monastic or collegiate body, which was required to set apart a sufficient sum (portio congrua) for the maintenance of the priest in charge. His spiritual functions remained untouched, and he was appointed by the bishop on the nomination of the corporation. Though he was called vicarius, and not parochus, he differed only in name from a regular rector, and was subject only to the bishop in regard to the exercise of his spiritual functions. The Council of Trent struck at the root of the many abuses which this system had brought about, and forbade the union of parish churches with monasteries, collegiate chapters, hospitals, etc. Since that time such incorporations have occurred but rarely, by special permission of the pope and where a good reason could be shown.
(F. W H. WASSERSCHLEBENf.) Bibliography: G. C. Neller, De genuina idea et signis parochialilatis primitive ejusque principio incorporatione, and De juribus paroehi primitive, both in A. Schmidt, Thesaurus juris ecclesiastici, vol. vi., Bamberg, 1772; Richter, Kirchenrecht, pp. 464, 617; E. Friedberg, Lehrbuch des . Kirchenrechts, p. 302, ib., 1895; P. Hinschius, Kirchenrecht in Deutschland, ii. 395, 436, 464, Berlin,
1871-78.
INCORRUPTICOLjE : A name given to the Aphthartodocet£e. See Monophysites.
INDEPENDENT METHODISTS. See Methodists, IV., 9.
INDEPENDENT (POLISH) CATHOLICS. See Old Catholics, III., § 1.
INDEPENDENTS: A name given to the Congregationalists in England. See Congregationalists.