THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
and All Saints' Sermons (1907), besides contributing two essays to Contentio Veritatis (London, 1902).
INGERSOLL LECTURES ON IMMORTALITY.
See Immortality, VIII.
INGHAM, BENJAMIN: The "Yorkshire Evangelist "; b. at Ossett (8 m. s.s.w. of Leeds), Yorkshire, June 11, 1712; d. at Aberford (9 m. e.n.e. of Leeds), Yorkshire, 1772. He studied at the grammar school, Batley, and at Queen's College, Oxford (B.A., 1734), where he became one of the most active members of the little band of Methodists led by John and Charles Wesley. He received episcopal ordination in 1735, but the following October he sailed with the Wesleys for America, where he spent thirteen months in missionary work. While in America he had been attracted by the Moravians. After a visit to their headquarters at Herrnhut, and to Count Zinzendorf at Marienborn, he joined the brotherhood in England and practically became the head of the Moravians in Yorkshire. He preached extensively in Yorkshire and Lancashire, and formed there numerous societies, which he formally transferred to the Moravians in July, 1742. After his marriage in 1741 to Lady Margaret Hastings, sister-in-law of the Countess of Huntingdon, he removed to Aberford, but continued his work as evangelist at large. In 1753 he withdrew from the Moravians, taking with him eighty of the societies founded by him. Thus came into existence the Inghamites. This sect had its conferences, and at one of them Ingham was elected general overseer, or bishop. In 1755 Ingham attended Wesley's conference at Leeds and suggested an amalgamation of his societies with the Methodists. Charles Wesley favored the idea, but John declined Ingham's overtures, and the plan fell through. In 1760 Ingham adopted the views of John Glas and Robert Sandeman, the founder of the Sandemanians. The bitter controversy which ensued upon this change of doctrine completely disrupted his Church. Out of the eighty-odd societies ruled over by him, only thirteen remained loyal. Most of them joined the Methodists. Ingham published an exposition of his Sandemanian views in A Discourse on the Faith and Hope of the Gospel (Leeds, 1763).
Bibliography: L. Tyerman, The Oxford Methodists, Memories of Ingham, New York, 1873; DNB, xxviii. 434.
INGMAN, ANDERS VILHELM: Finnish Bible translator; b. 1819; d. at Helsingfors Sept. 5, 1877 He was ordained in 1845, and in 1864 was appointed professor of exegetical theology in the University of Helsingfors. As a youth he joined the movement of Finnish pietism which for three decades had animated the Church of Finland, and stood in intimate connection with a national revival which awakened a keen interest in the Finnish language. Ingman was seized by the inspiration of the new movement, and his first literary work was an attempt to translate the first chapters of Thucydides into Finnish (1841) . With F. O. Durchman he published a translation of Luther's Hauspostille (2 vols., Helsingfors, 1848-50). As the last Finnish translation of the Bible, dating from 1776, had become antiquated, he published, in 1859, a new translation which has I
not yet been surpassed. In 1868 he began to publish a series of scientific expositions of the Bible Raamatun selityksid A. W Ingmanilta (6 vols., 1868-73), which was to serve students of theology and clergymen as a guide for a deeper penetration of the Scripture. He also published in Swedish Uppsattser i bibliskt teologiska amnen (4 vols., 1865-67); J. T Becks Theologiska karakter (1806')! and Bibliska betraktelser (2 vols., 1868-72).
(J. A. Cederberg.)
INGRAM, ARTHUR FOLEY WINNINGTON:
Church of England bishop of London; b. at Stanford (11 m. n.w. of Worcester), Worcestershire, Jan. 26, 1858. He was educated at Keble College, Oxford (B.A., 1881), and was ordered deacon and ordained priest in 1884. After being a private tutor in 1881-84, he was curate of St. Mary's, Shrewsbury (1884-85), and private chaplain to the bishop of Lichfield (1885-88). He was head of Oxford House, Bethnal Green, London (1888-97), chaplain to the bishop of St. Albans (1890-97), and to the archbishop of York (1891-97), rector of Bethnal Green (1895-97), and rural dean of Spitalfields (1896-97); canon of St. Paul's Cathedral (1897-1901), and treasurer of the same (1898-1901). In 1897 he was consecrated bishop of Stepney (suffragan to the bishop of London), and four years later (1901) was translated to his present diocese of London. He has written Old Testament Difficulties (London, 1890); New Testament Difficulties (1892); Church Difficulties (1893); Work in Great Cities (1895); The Men who Crucify Christ (1896); Christ and His Friends (1897); Banners of the Christian Faith (1899); Popular Objections to Christianity (1899); Reasons for Faith (1900); The Afterglow of a Great Reign (1901); Under the Dome (1902); Addresses in Holy Week (1902); The Faith of Church and Nation (1904); and The Call of the Father (sermons, 1907).
INGULF (INGULPHUS): Abbot of Crowland (Croyland); b. in London c. 1030; d. at Crowland (14 m. e.n.e. of Stamford), Lincolnshire, Nov. 16, 1109. He became secretary to William, duke of Normandy, in 1051, and, after having made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, entered the monastery of St. Wandrille in Normandy, where he became prior. In 1086 he was appointed by his former patron, now king of England, to the abbatial stall of Crowland, being one of the few Englishmen appointed to high office during the Conqueror's reign. He is known for the Historia seu descriptio abbatim Croylandensis, which was long attributed to him. This work, which is preserved in the Arundel manuscript, no. 178, in the British Museum, is now known to be a forgery dating from the thirteenth or fourteenth century, though H. S. English and Birch claim that it is a mutilation, or a reconstruction, of a genuine original by Ingulf. It was printed by Sir Henry Savile in his Rerum anglicarum scriptores post Bedam (pp. 484-520, London, 1596; reprinted, Frankfort, 1600, pp. 850-916); also by W Fulman, with a continuation falsely attributed to Peter of Blois and other continuations, in the Rerum anglicarum veteres (pp. 1-107, Oxford, 1684); and more recently by Walter de Gray Birch in the Chronicle of Croyland Abbey (Wisbech, 1883). There is a translation