RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Innere Mission Innocent I-II
xxix.-xxxii.) he makes use of the opportunity to assert the " supreme official authority." Of relatively less importance was the position assumed by him in the contest between Theophilus of Alexandria and John Chrysostom, on the side of the latter, which led to a breach of the old friendly relations between Rome and Alexandria. Innocent attempted to act as mediator in the political troubles of the West, going to Ravenna with a deputation from the senate to induce the court there to modify its policy of hostility to the Goths. During his absence, however, Alaric captured Rome (Aug. 24, 410), but he exhorted his troops to spare life and to respect the churches of St. Peter and St. Paul and their treasures— a fact which exalted the authority of the pope. In consonance with his general attitude, Innocent proceeded with great energy against heretics and schismatics, taking several churches from the Novatianists in Rome, banishing from the city the Photinian Marcus, and pressing for the persecution of his followers. It is further supposed that he was at the bottom of the severe edict issued by Honorius (Feb. 22, 407) against Manicheans, Montanists, and Priscillianists. He took a strong stand in favor of clerical celibacy, which seems to have been only second in interest for him to the elevation of the papal power. He died Mar. 12, 417, having accomplished more than any other fifth century pope in the way of preparation for Leo the Great. (H. Bohmer.)
Bibliography: His Epistolce el decreta are in MPL, xx. Sources for a life are: Liber pontificalia, ed. L. Duchesne, i. 220-224, Paris, 1886, ed. T. Mommsen in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom. i (1898), 88-90; P. Coustant, Pontificum Romanorum . . epistolce, ed. C. T. G. Schoenemann, i. 495-661, Gottingen, 1796; Jaft'e, Regesta, i. 44-49; and the Hist. eccl. of Socrates, VII., ix.t and of Sozomen, VIII., xxvi., IX., vii. Consult: B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectee, ii. 207-212, Regensburg, 1881; H. Grisar, Geschichte Roms und der Papste in Mittelalter, i. 59-72, 248-288, Freiburg, 1898; Bower, Popes, i. 131-149; Milman, Latin Christianity, 134-139, 176-179; Neander, Christian Church, ii. 645-647 et passim; DCB, iii. 243-249; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, vii. 506-528, cf. iv. 655-666.
Innocent II. (Gregorio de' Papareschi): Pope 1130-43. He was made cardinal deacon of St. Angelus by Paschal II., went to France with Gelasius II. when the latter was obliged to seek protection in that country, was employed in difficult missions under Calixtus II., and was one of the papal delegates who formulated the Concordat of Worms. In 1123 he was legate in France. Owing to his knowledge of affairs, his friendly relation to the imperial court, and his morally clean life, he was elected by a minority of the cardinals to succeed Honorius II. on Feb. 14. 1130, and took the name of Innocent II.; on the same day Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni was elected by the majority of the qualified voters (see Anacletus II.).
Being unable to maintain his position at Rome, in June, 1130, Innocent went to France, where Bernard of Clairvaux had already done everything to dispose court and clergy in his favor. Moreover, both popes, immediately after their elevation, turned to the German king, Lothair. The influence of Archbishops Norbert of Magdeburg and Conrad of Salzburg with Lothair and the higher clergy induced a synod at Wurzburg in Oct., 1130, to V.— 32
decide for Innocent, and send an embassy to him. On Mar. 22, of the same year, Lothair prepared for him a brilliant reception at Liege, and Innocent suggested to the German king that he should march on Rome, expel Anacletus, and win the imperial crown. Lothair consented, but requested that the pope reciprocate by renouncing all the privileges won by the Church in the Concordat of Worms.
In Aug., 1132, Lothair began his expedition to Italy. As Anacletus was strong enough to restrain the king from seizing St. Peter's Church, Lothair was obliged to receive the imperial crown at the hands of his pope in the Lateran, June 4, 1133. In vain did Lothair again demand the concession of episcopal investiture, but he gained the surrender of the possessions of Matilda of Tuscany (see Papal States) in return for an annuity. On this Innocent and the curial party later based the contention that the emperor was a vassal of the Roman see. When Lothair returned to Germany, Innocent was obliged to seek protection from the Frangipani, and, in Sept., 1133, to betake himself to Pisa, where, from May 30 to June 6, 1135, he held a council which renewed the sentence of excommunication against Anacletus and his following. At the request of Innocent and the Abbot of Clairvaux, Lothair started from Wurzburg, in Aug., 1136, on a second expedition over the Alps. He led his army to southern Italy, which, the island of Sicily excepted, he wrested from King Roger, but failed to terminate the rule of Anacletus. The latter died Jan. 25, 1138.
By this event peace was restored, and a Lateran council, in 1139, excommunicated Roger of Sicily, who had been the pope's most persistent enemy. But when Innocent undertook to lead an army in person against Roger, he fell into an ambush, and had to reckon himself fortunate in purchasing his freedom from captivity by recognizing the latter as king of Sicily. He alienated the Romans by a tedious war with Tivoli, the utter annihilation of which they demanded; when this was not attained they disclaimed obedience to the pope, and elected their own chief magistrate after the example of the Lombard cities. Even the good understanding with Louis VII. of France was changed into open enmity at the close of Innocent's reign, when the king would not accept the candidate proposed by the pope for the vacated archbishopric of Bourges. While the Romans were yet in arms, and peace with Louis as yet unachieved, Innocent died, Sept. 23, 1143.
Among the dogmatic decisions of this pope, the most noteworthy are the sentences of condemnation against Abelard and Arnold of Brescia.
Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Sources and important documents are to be found in MPL, clxxix. 27-36, 53-674; Bouquet, Recueil, x. 368-408; NA, iv (1879), 199-201, xiv (1889), 616-617; MGH, Leg., section iv., Constitutions, i (1893), 168-170; P. Jaffe\ Bibliotheca rer. Germ., v. 419 sqq., Berlin, 1869; idem, Regesta, i. 840-911, ii. 715-716; J. von Pflug-Harttung, Ada pontificum inedita, i. 138 sqq., ii. 265 sqq., iii. 32 sqq., Tubingen and Stuttgart, 1880-86; .1. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum vita;, ii. 174-179, Leipsic, 1862 (the Life by Cardinal Boso); Thatcher and McNeal, Documents, p. 168. Consult: R. Zopffel, Die Papstwahlen, pp. 269 sqq., Gottingen, 1871; E. Miihl-
Innocent II-HI