THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACATTLEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
[VOLUMES I— VI]
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
VOLUME VI INNOCENTS — LIUDGER
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Copyright, 1910, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England
[Printed in the United States of America} Published February, 1910
EDITORS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief. ) Professor of Church History, New York University.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
Editor in Biblical Criticism and Theology on "The New International Encyclopedia," New York.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and
Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological
Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME VI
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology.)
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations.)
Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) President of St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y.
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament.)
Professor of Oriental Languages, University College,
Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History, Baylor Theological Seminary
(Baylor University), Waco, Tex.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc.,
New York City.
CONTEIBUTOKS AND COLLABOKATOES, VOLUME VI
HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Theology University of Halle.
WILHELM ALTMANN, Ph.D.,
Director of the Deutsche Musiksammlung, Berlin.
FRANKLIN CARL ARNOLD, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Breslau.
BENJAMIN WISNER BACON, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D.,
Professor of New Testament Exegesis, Yale Divinity School.
FERENCZ BALOGH,
Professor of Church History, Reformed Theological Academy, Debreczin, Hungary.
GEORGE JAMES BAYLES, Ph.D.,
Writer on Civil Church Law.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological
Seminary.
JOHANNES BELSHEIM (f),
Late Pastor Emeritus, Christiania, Norway.
RUDOLF BENDIXEN (f),
Late Diaconus in Grimma, Saxony.
KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Kbnigsberg.
IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZIN-
GER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.
CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,
Pastor of St. Michael's, Hamburg.
BERNHARD BESS, Th.Lic,
Librarian, University of Halle.
EDWIN MUNSELL BLISS, D.D.,
Author of Books on Missions, Washington, D. C.
EMIL BLOESCH (f), Th.D., Late Professor of Theology, Bern.
VI
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME VI
HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,
Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.
AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.
GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Gottingen.
FRIEDRICH BOSSE, Ph.D., Th.Lic.,
Auxiliary Librarian, University Library, Marburg.
GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Retired Pastor, Stuttgart.
ALBERT BRACKMANN, Ph.D.,
Professor of History, University of Marburg.
FRIEDRICH HEINRICH BRANDES, Th.D.,
Reformed Minister and Chaplain at Biickeburg, tfchaumburg-Lippe.
EDTJARD BRATKE (f), Ph.D, Th.D.,
Late Professor of Church History, University of Breslau.
FRANTS PEDER WILLIAM BUHL, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Oriental Languages, University of Copenhagen.
EARL BURGER (f), Th.D.,
Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich.
KARL VON BURK (f), Th.D., Late Supreme Councilor in Stuttgart.
HEINRICH CALAMINUS,
Superintendent at Elberfeld.
OTIS CARY, D.D.,
Professor of Homiletics and Practical Sociology, Doshisha Theological School, Kyoto, Japan.
JACQUES EUGENE CHOISY, Th.D.,
Pastor in Geneva.
PAUL CHRIST (f), Th.D.,
Late Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology, University of Zurich.