THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
and begun preparations for a collection of the early Christian inscriptions of the city. The results appeared in the Inscriptiones christianae urbis Romae septimo saeculo antiquiores (vol. i., Rome, 1861, vol. ii., part 1, 1888). The first volume contains the dated inscriptions, a preface which reviews the epigraphy of the past and lays down his own scheme, and extensive prolegomena, dealing especially with early Christian chronology. The first part of the second volume reproduces the manuscript collections from the so-called parchments of Scaliger down to Petrus Sabinus with admirable critical sureness and insight. Another work of like interest is the Museo epigrafico cristiano Pio-Lateranense (1877), containing photographic reproductions of the specimens in the lapidary gallery at the Lateran, together with noteworthy essays on various cognate subjects. Numerous other contributions to Christian epigraphy are contained in his Roma sotterranea cristiana (3 vols., 1864-77), in the Bollettino d'archeologia cristiana (1863 sqq.), and Musaici delle chiese di Roma, 1872- 1900. Although De Rossi's enterprises were too great for accomplishment in even the longest and busiest life, they have not been allowed to drop. The continuation of the Inscriptiones has been placed in the hands of his old friend and faithful collaborator, Giuseppe Gatti; the (Nuovo) Bollettino has, since 1895, been edited first by De Rossi's brother Michele Stefano and his personal pupils, Stevenson, Armellini, and Marucchi, to whom have been, added, since the death of the first three, G. Bonavenia, P. Crostarosa, G. Gatti, R. Kantzler, and J. Wilpert. The completion of the Roma sotterranea, beginning with a fourth volume on the cemetery of Domitilla, has been undertaken by Marucchi, Wilpert, Gatti, Crostarosa, and Kantzler. For the medieval and later periods there is no single work which can be placed by the side of the Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum and Latinarum.
(NlKOLAUS MtJLLER.)
Bibliography: On I., besides the literature under Egypt, much of which is pertinent, consult: J. Diimichen, Historische Inschriften altagyptischer Denkmaler, Leipsic, 1867— 1869; idem, Altagyptische Tempelinschriften, ib. 1868; P le P. Renouf, Egyptian Phonology, London, 1889; E. Revillout, Cours de langue demotique, Paris, 1883; C. Abel, Zur Geschichte der Hieroglyphenachrift, Leipsic, 1890; Aegyptische Inschriften aus den kdniglichen Museen zu Berlin, 2 parts, Berlin, 1901-05; G. Karlberg, Den Idnga . . inskriftten i Ramses IIl.'s tempel i Medinet-Habu, Upsala, 1903; C. R. Honey, The Egyptian Hieroglyph, Boscombe, 1904; R. Weill, Recueil des inscriptions du Sinai, Paris, 1904; and especially numerous papers in PSBA and TSBA, in the Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Fund, in ZDMG, J A, Zeitschrift fiir agyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde, and the Revue egyptologique. On the Rosetta Stone consult H. Brugsch, Die Inschrift von Rosetta, Berlin, 1850; F. Chabas, L 'Inscription hieroglyphique de Rosetta, Paris, 1867; S. Sharpe, The Rosetta Stone in Hieroglyphics and Greek, London, 1871; J. J. Hess, Der demotische Teil der , , . Inschrift von Rosette iibersetzt, Freiburg, 1902; E. A. T. W Budge, The Decrees of Memphis and Canopus, 3 vols., London, 1904. On the Meneptah inscription consult Spiegelberg, Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie, 1896, pp. 593 sqq.; G. Steindorff, in ZATW, 1896, pp. 330 sqq.; A. Wiedemann, in Museon, 1898, pp. 1-19. On the relation of the inscriptions to the Bible the most sober and scientific discussion is by S. R. Driver in Authority and Archaeology, Sacred and Profane, ed. D. G. Hogarth, London, 1899.
II. A great deal of the literature under Assyria; Baby-
lonia bears on the inscriptions, and some of the principal collections are named there. Consult further: R. E. Brtinnow, Classified List of All Simple and Compound Cuneiform Ideographs, Leyden, 1889-97; P. T. Dangin, Recherches sur I'origine de I'ecriture cuneiforme, Paris, 1898-99; F. Delitzsch, Die Entstehung des altesten Schriftsystems oder der Ursprung der Keilschriftzeichen, Leipsic, 1896-98; P. Toscanne, Les Signes sumeriens derives, Paris, 1905; A. V. W. Jackson, Persia Past and Present, New York, 1906; H. Pognon, Inscriptions semitiques de la Syrie, de la Mesopotamia, et de la region de Messoul, Paris, 1907; A. H. Sayce, The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, New York, 1907. On the decipherment: R. W. Rogers, History of Babylonia and Assyria, vol. i., New York, 1900; A. J. Booth, The Discovery and Decipherment of the Trilingual Cuneiform Inscriptions, London, 1902; L. Messerschmidt, Die Entzifferung der Keilinschrift, Berlin, 1903; C. Fossey, Manuel d'assyriologie, vol. i., Paris, 1904. III. The most important literature is named in the text. A most useful article will be found in DC A, i., 841-862, which includes a list of the abbreviations occurring most frequently in the inscriptions and the way they are to be read. Further consult: E. le Blant, Manuel d'epigraphie chretienne d'apres les marbres de la Gaule, Paris, 1869; idem, L'Epigraphie chretienne en Gaule et dans VAfrique romaine, ib. 1890; J. McCaul, Christian Epigraphs of the First Six Centuries, London, 1869; G. Petrie, Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language, ed. M. Stokes, Dublin, 1870 sqq.; J. A. Martigny, Dictionnaire des antiquites chretiennes, pp. 357 sqq., Paris, 1877; F. X. Kraus, Roma sotterranea, pp. 431 sqq., Freiburg, 1879; idem, Real- Encyklopadie der christlichen Alterthumer, ii. 39 sqq., ib. 1886; V. Schultze, Die Katakomben, pp. 233 sqq., Leipsic, 1882; H. Otte, Handbuch der kirchlichen Kunst-Archaologie des deutschen M ittelalters, i., 395 sqq., ib. 1883; J. R. Allen, Christian Symbolism in Great Britain and Ireland before the 13th Century, London, 1888; E. Hilbner, Inscriptiones Hispaniae Christianae, 2 vols., Berlin, 1900; Haddan and Stubbs, Councils (for inscriptions in Great Britain) and the literature under Cemeteries, particularly that on the Catacombs given there.