RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Inspiration Inspired, The
Bibliography: On the history of the doctrine consult: G. F. N. Sonntag, Doctrina inspirationis, ejusque ratio, historia et usus popularis, Heidelberg, 1809; G. F. N. Credner, De librorum N. T. inspiratione quid statuerint Christiani ante saeculum tertium medium, vol. i., Jena, 1828; idem, Beitrdge zur Einleitung in die biblischen Schriften, i. 1-91, Halle, 1832; A. G. Rudelbach, in Zeilschriftfur lutherische Theologie und Kirche, i. 1-60, ii. 1-66, iv. 1-40; F. A. Tholuck, in Deutsche Zeitschrift fur christliche Wissenschaft, 1850, pp. 16-18, 42-44; J. Delitzsch, De inspiratione scriptorum quid statuerint patres apostolici, Leipsic, 1872; K. F. A. Kahnis, Dogmatik, i. 268, Leipsic, 1874; K. R. Hagenbaoh, History of Christian Doctrine, i. 75, 115, ii. 14, 20, 166, iii. 55, 62, 314, Edinburgh, 1880-81; B. F. Westcott, Introduction to the Study of the Gospels, London, 1888; W. Rohnert, Was lehrt Luther von der Inspiration der Heiligen Schrift? Leipsic, 1890; A. Zollig, Die Inspirationslehre des Origens, Freiburg, 1902; and in general the works on the History of Dogma.
From the standpoint of dogmatics the subject is discussed in all the great treatises on that subject. The following may be taken as representative of the treatment in the " Systems of Theology": F. D. E. Schleiermacher, §§ 128-132, Berlin, 1821; A. D. C. Twesten, i., § 23, Hamburg, 1826; C. I. Nitzsch, §§ 37 sqq., Bonn, 1844, Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1849; T. Dwight, New York, 1846; C. G. Finney, ib. 1851; R. Rothe, pp. 121 sqq., Gotha, 1863; H. Martensen, Edinburgh, 1866; J. T. Beck, §§ 88-101, Stuttgart, 1870; F. H. R. Frank, System der christlichen Gewissheit, ii., §§ 43-49, Erlangen, 1873; idem, System der christlichen Wahrheit, ii., 5 43, ib. 1885; C. Hodge, 3 vols., New York, 1873; H. Voigt, Fundamentaldogmatik, § 21, Gotha, 1874; J. J. van Oosterzee, 2 vols., London, 1876; I. A. Dorner, Glaubenslehre, §§ 57- 59, Berlin, 1879, Eng. transl., 4 vols., Edinburgh, 1880-82; W. B. Pope, New York, 1880; F. A. Philippi, i. 204 sqq., Gutersloh, 1881; A. E. Biedermann, §§ 179 sqq., Berlin, 1884-85; A. H. Strong, Rochester, 1886; W. G. T. Shedd, New York, 1888-94; S. Buell, ib. 1890; E. V. Gerhart, Institutes of the Christian Religion, ib. 1891; H. B. Smith, ib., 1890; J. Miley, London, 1892; M. A. Kahler, Wissenschaft der christlichen Lehre, pp. 446 sqq., Leipsic, 1893; R. A. Lipsius, §§ 196 sqq., Brunswick, 1893; L. F. Stearns, New York, 1893; J. Bovon, 2 vols., Lausanne, 1895-96; H. Bawink, 4 vols., Kampe, 1895-1901; R. V. Forster, Nashville, 1898; N. Burwash, 2 vols., London, 1900; A. Bouvier, Paris, 1903; H. E. Jacobs, Summary of the Christian Faith, Philadelphia, 1905; A. H. Strong, Systematic Theology, i. 196-242, Philadelphia, 1907; F. J. Hall, Dogmatic Theology, vol. ii., New York, 1908.
Special treatises on the subject are: R. Baxter, Catechising of Families, London, 1683; R. Simon, Traite de I 'inspiration des livres sacres, Paris, 1687; W. Lowth, Vindication of the Old and New Testaments, Oxford, 1692; P. Doddridge, The Inspiration of the New Testament, in vol. iv. of his Works, Leeds, 1802; J. J. Griesbach, Stricturarum in locum de theopneustia librorum sacrorum, parts i.-v., Jena, 1784-88; J. D. Morell, Phil, of Religion, chaps, v., vi., New York, 1849; E. Henderson, Divine Inspiration, London, 1852; F. de Rougemont, Christ et ses temoins: revelation et inspiration, 2 vols., Paris, 1856; C. A. Row, The Nature and Extent of Divine Inspiration, London, 1864; L. Gaussen, Theopneustie, Paris, 1862, Eng. transl., London, 1888; C. Wordsworth, On the Inspiration of Holy Scripture, ib. 1867; F. L. Patton, The Inspiration of the Scriptures, Philadelphia, 1869; E. Elliott, Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures, Edinburgh, 1877; W. E. Atwell, The Pauline Theory of Inspiration, London, 1878; H. Schultz, Die Stellung des christlichen Glaubens zur heiligen Schrift, Braunsberg, 1877; E. M. Goulburn, On the Inspiration . of the Holy Scriptures, London, 1878; W. R. Browne, Inspiration of the New Testament, ib. 1880; J. J. Given, Truth of Scripture in connection with Revelation, Inspiration, and the Canon, Edinburgh, 1881; J. G. W. Herrmann, Die Bedeutung der Inspirationslehre, Halle, 1882; G. T. Ladd, The Doctrine of Holy Scripture, New York, 1883; F. W. Farrar, J. Cairns, and others, Inspiration: a Clerical Symposium, London, 1884; R. Watts, The Rule of Faith and the Doctrine of Inspiration, ib. 1885; A. Cave, The Inspiration of the Old Testament, ib. 1888; C. A. Briggs, Whither, New York, 1889; A. Ritschl, Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und Versbhnung, ii. 9 sqq., Bonn, 1889; W. Rolling, Prolegomena zur Lehre von der Theopneustie, Breslau, 1890; idem, Die Lehre von der Theop-
neustie, ib. 1891; C. A. Briggs, LI. J. Evans, H. P. Smith, Inspiration and Inerrancy, Edinburgh, 1891; E. Haupt, Die Bedeutung der heiligen Schrift, Bielefeld, 1891; ,W. Sanday, The Oracles of God, London, 1891; idem, Inspiration, ib. 1896; F. J. Sharr, The Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures, London, 1891; J. Clifford, The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible, ib. 1892; W. F. Gess, Die Inspiration der Helden der Bibel, Basel, 1892; W. Lee, Inspiration of Holy Scripture, New York, 1892; J. DeWitt, What is Inspiration t ib. 1893; J. Denney, Studies in Theology, London, 1895; M. A. Kahler, Unser Streit urn. die Bibel, Leipsic, 1895; M. von Nathusius, Ueber die Inspiration der heiligen Schrift, Stuttgart, 1895; H. Cremer, Glaube, Schrift, und heilige Geschichte, Gutersloh, 1896; G. S. Barrett, The Bible and its Inspiration, London, 1897; P. Gennrich, Der Kampf um die Schrift in der deutsch-evangelischen Kirche des 19. Jahrhunderts, Berlin, 1898 (contains a rich bibliography of the German literature on the subject); C. Chauvin, Die Inspiration der heiligen Schrift nach der Lehre der Tradition, Regensburg, 1899; O. P. Zanecchia, Divina inspiratio sacrarum scripturarum, Rome, 1898; M. Arnold, Literature and Dogma, London, 1902; A. Loisy, L'Evangile et Veglise, Paris, 1902, Eng. transl., New York, 1904; H. H. Kuyper, Evolutie ov revelatie, Amsterdam, 1903; J. E. McFadyen, O. T. Criticism and the Christian Church, pp. 268-312, New York, 1903; J. A. Robinson, Some Thoughts on Inspiration, London, 1905; R. F. Horton, Inspiration and the Bible, ib. 1906; C. Pesch, De inspiratione sacrae scripturae, Freiburg, 1906; J. M. Gibson, Inspiration and Authority of Holy Scripture, London, 1908; DB, i. 296- 299, ii. 475-476; DCG, i. 831-835; Farrar, in Biblical Educator, vols, i.-ii.
INSPIRED, THE : The name given to a sect which originated in Germany about 1700. It was formed from the large number of Separatists who already existed there, and was animated by the impulse given by the new prophets of the Camisards (q.v.) in the Cevennes. The sectaries took their name from the fact that they recognized a continuous divine inspiration in certain individuals, whom they regarded as instruments of the Holy Spirit, to whose teachings they professed obedience as to inspiration.
After the forcible suppression of the Protestants in the Cevennes, some of the principal leaders and
prophets, such as Elie Marion, Durande
Appearance Fage, Jean Cavalier, and Jean Allut,
in England fled to England and Scotland in 1706
and (see French Prophets), which they
Germany, soon left for the Netherlands, uttering
in both countries impassioned denunciations of France and the papacy. When their prophecies were not fulfilled, they were excluded from the French Reformed community in London and from the Church of England as well, so that they had no recourse but to found a sect of their own. Allut and Marion accordingly went, in 1711, to the Netherlands and Germany, seeking support primarily among the numerous colonies of French Protestants there, from whom, however, they gained little sympathy. They had more success with the Pietists and Separatists of northwestern Germany, to whose craving for apocalyptic revelations and fanatical enthusiasm they were able to appeal. They laid their first foundations at Halle in 1713 and at Berlin in 1714, and held a love-feast at Halle in the latter year. At first they found some support among the clergy, but when the gift of inspiration began to spread among the " awakened " of German birth, including in Halle the eighteen-year-old daughter of a servant of Francke, and in Berlin
Inspired, The Interim