THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
downfall of the German empire (for provisions see Concordats and Delimiting Bulls, I.)- Episcopal and abbatial elections were to be conducted in Italy and Burgundy without any royal interference, in Germany in the presence of the king, and with provision for his advisory assistance in contested elections. The agreement was not an unqualified victory for either side, but the papacy in the end profited most by it. After the contested imperial election of 1198 (see Innocent III.), the influence of the emperor on elections rapidly declined, while that of the popes, especially under the skilful management of Innocent III., increased in the same proportion.
In France during the eleventh century much the same conditions existed as in Germany; but when the conflict arose it was not made so France, much a question of principle or conducted with so much bitterness. The French bishops had not so much secular power, nor did they to the same extent constitute a spiritual aristocracy. Again, the king claimed to invest only a part of the bishops and abbots, while the majority were nominated and installed by the great vassals. Speaking generally, the right of nomination was abolished by the beginning of the twelfth century, and free election became the rule; but until the end of the century, and even longer, the kings and some of the local magnates still maintained the right of permitting and of confirming the election, and the kings and some great nobles still conferred secular rights and claimed the revenues of these temporalities during a vacancy.
The reforming party had less success in England. Under the Anglo-Saxon and Danish kings the appointment to bishoprics and the great
England, abbeys was in the king's hands; the Normans introduced investiture and the oath of allegiance. The prohibition of lay investiture by Gregory VII. was inoperative here. It was not until Anselm, in 1101, came back to England a confirmed Gregorian and refused the oath of allegiance that there was any real investiture controversy there. It ended in 1107 by the king's renouncing the formality of investiture with ring and staff, but retaining the oath of allegiance and the other rights of his predecessors. In spite of Stephen's promise that bishops and abbots should be canonically elected, the assent of the English kings continued the decisive factor. The English clergy did not win the right of absolutely free election even at a later period, while Innocent III. (q.v.) forced King John to allow the papacy to share the royal influence. (Siegfried Rietschel.)
Bibliography: For Germany consult: F. A. Staudenmaier, Geschichte der Bischofswahlen, Mainz, 1830; H. Gerdes, Die Bischofswahlen in Deulschland, Gottingen, 1878; P. Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, ii. 530 sqq., Berlin, 187S; F. Franziss, Der deutsche Episcopal . 1039-56, Regens-
burg, 1879-80; R. Reese, Die staatsrechtliche Stellung der Bischbfe Burgunds und Italiens unter Friedrich I., Gottingen, 1885; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitaller Gregors VII., PP. 463 sqq., Leipsic, 1894; E. Friedberg, Kirchenrecht, pp. 312 sqq., ib. 1895; C. Willing, Zur Geschichte des Investiturstreits, Liegnitz, 1896; A. Hauck, KD, vol. iii. For France: A. Cauchie, La Querelle des investitures dans Us dioceses de Liege el de Cambrai, Louvain, 1890-91; P. Imbart de la Tour, Les Elections tpiscopales ix.-
zii. siMes, Paris, 1891; A. Luchaire, Hist, des institutions
monarchiques de la France . (987—1180), ii. 68 sqq., ib. 1891; P. Viollet, Hist, des institutions politique* et administrative! de la France, ii. 317 sqq., Paris, 1898. For England: E. A. Freeman, Reign of William Rufus, London, 1882; M. Schmitz, Der englische Investiturstreit, Innsbruck, 1884; W. Hunt, The English Church . (697-1066), London, 1899; W. R. W. Stephens, The English Church . (1066-1272), pp. 119-131 et passim,
ib. 1901; J. Drehmann, Papst Leo. IX. und die Simonie. Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Vorgeschichte des Investiturstreits, Leipsic, 1908. Consult also W. E. Addis, Catholic Dictionary, pp. 497-498, London, 1903; KL, vi. 844-863; and the literature under the articles on the popes named in the text and under Anselm.
ION A: An island of the Inner Hebrides, off the west coast of Scotland, separated from the Ross of Mull by Iona Sound. It forms a part of Argyllshire, and lies from 35 to 40 miles to the westward of Oban, from which it is reached by steamer. The name should be Ioua, the form with n having arisen from a mistaken reading of u. In Irish it occurs as I-Columcille, " the Island of Columba." The popular name at present is Eecholuim^cille. The island is about three and a half miles long from northeast to southwest, and from a mile to a mile and a half in breadth. It is rocky and sandy, with boggy hollows between the hills, the highest of which rises to 330 feet. Its area is estimated at from 1,600 to 2,000 acres, less than half of it arable, and not more than a third actually under cultivation. The pastures on the sides of the knolls and ravines support a few hundred sheep and a smaller number of cattle. The population in 1901 was 213, engaged in agriculture and fishing.
Iona owes its fame to its association with Columba and the monastery founded there by him in 563. The Irish annals state that the island was given to him by his kinsman, Conall, king of the Dalriad Scots. Bede, however, says he received it from the Picts as a result of his successful missionary labor among them. Bede's statement is the more probable, but possibly both accounts are true, as Iona was debatable ground between the Scots and the Picts. For Columba's work there and the earlier history of the monastery, see the articles Columba; Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland; Adamnan. The island was repeatedly ravaged by the Danes during the ninth and tenth centuries; on one of these occasions (806) sixty-eight monks suffered martyrdom. The ruined buildings were restored again and again with remarkable pertinacity. Between 814 and 831 the monastery was rebuilt with stone and a shrine was erected to St. Columba. In 878 the shrine and relics were taken to Ireland. Queen Margaret rebuilt the monastery between 1059 and 1093. A Benedictine abbey and nunnery were established in the island in 1203. The remains still existing date mostly from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, although the chapel of St. Oran (Odhrairi) may be of the time of Queen Margaret. It is of red granite, and has as its western doorway a Norman arch with beak-headed ornament, and stands in the Reilig Odhrain, the ancient burial-place of the monastery, said also to have been the burial-place of the Scottish and Pictish kings till the time of Malcolm III. (d. 1093), as well as of certain English, Irish, and Norwegian kings. North of this cemetery are the remains of the thirteenth-century Benedictine abbey. In connec-