THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOC
ent form goes back to the period of the prophet " (EB, ii. 2194). Cheyne in his Introduction to the Book of Isaiah assigns only the following passages of i.-xxxix. to Isaiah: i. 5-31, ii. 6-21, in. 1, 4-5, 8-9 (2-3, 6-7 may be Isaianic), 12-15, 16-17, 24, v. 1-14, 17-22, 23-25b, 26-29, vi. 1-13, vii. 2-8a, 9-14, 16, 18-20, viii. 1-4, 5-6, 7a, 8-18, ix. 7-12, 15-x. 4, x. 5-9, 13,-14, 28-32, xiv. 24-27 (omit 25b), 29-32, xvi. 14, xvii. 1-6, 9-14, xviii. 1-6, xx. 1, 3-6, xxi. 16 sqq., xxii. 1-5, 6-9a, llb-14, 15a, 16-18, xxiii. 1-2, 3(?), 4, 6-12, 14, xxviii. 1-
4, 7-19, 21-22, xxix. l-4a, 6, 9-10, 13-14, xxix. 15, xxx. l-7a, 8-1 7 b, xxxi. l-5a.
Before the advent of this fragmentary school, Isa. xl.-lxvi. was looked upon as a literary unity, and was attributed to a single prophet, commonly termed the " Great Unknown of the Exile " or Deutero-Isaiah. This prophecy was regarded as falling into three sections marked by
5 si^of the refrain xlviii- 22' lviL 21 (Ruck- Isaiah er*' Hitzig, and Delitzsch). Ewald
xl.-lxvi. m"s* propounded a theory, the forerunner of the one now to be considered. He maintained that Isa. xl.-lxvi. was a collection of " pamphlets or fly-leaves which the surging stream of time drew forth, one after another, from the prophet." The writer arranged these pamphlets in two books, xl. -xlviii., xlix.-lx., to which were added an epilogue, lxi. 1-lxiii. 6, and an appendix, Ixiii. 7-lxvi. 24. According to Ewald, Deutero-Isaiah borrowed xl. 1, 2, lii. 13-liii. 12, lvi. 9-lvii. 11 from a prophet of Manasseh's reign, and Ivii. 1-lix. 20 from a contemporary of Ezekiel. Dillmann and his school have always stood for the substantial unity of this section of the Book of Isaiah (cf. Dillmann's Kommentar, ed. Kittel, Leipsic, 1898). The earlier efforts to deny the unity of Deutero-Isaiah bore fruit in the commentary of Duhm already mentioned. In this epoch-making book, Duhm maintained that Isa. xl.-lxvi. is the work of three different writers. (1) Deutero- Isaiah is reduced to xl.-lv., and then one-fourth of its contents is subtracted as later additions. Deutero-Isaiah is supposed to have written his work about 540 B.C. in Lebanon or Phenicia. Duhm regards the following verses as later additions: xl.
5, 31b, xli. 5, xlii. 12, 15-24, xliii. 20b, 21, xliv. 9- 20, 28b, xlv. 10, 13b, xlvi. 6-8, xlvii. 3a, 14b, xlviii. 1 in part, 2, 4, 5b, 7b, 8b-10, 16b-19, 22, 1. 10, 11, li. 11, 16, 18, lii. 3-6, liv. 15, 17b, lv. 3a, 7. (2) From chaps, xl.-lv. several passages, the so-called " Servant of Yahweh Songs " (xlii. 1-4, xlix. 1-6, 1. 4-9, lii. 13-liii. 12), were exscinded and assigned to a later date. Duhm takes pains to show that these lyrics are dependent on Jeremiah, Job, and Deutero-Isaiah, although the last-named does not show any acquaintance with them. The Servant of Yahweh Songs were read by Trito-Isaiah, and influenced Malachi; the literary connections thus traced point to a member of the Jewish Church of the first half of the fifth century B.C. as their author. Marti differs from Duhm in regarding these songs as an integral part of Deutero-Isaiah. (3) The closing section, chaps. Ivi.-lxvi., is attributed to a third writer, who is designated Trito- Isaiah. He writes in the same measure as Deutero-
Isaiah, imitates his style, and agrees with him in proclaiming the future glory of Jerusalem. From the internal evidence, it is argued that he was a resident of Jerusalem, and wrote shortly before the mission of Nehemiah. It is to be noted that Cheyne analyzes this section, and regards it as a compilation from several sources.
Sanity and common sense suggest that the literary "criticism of the fragmentists has overreached itself. The arguments from the analogy of prophecy and Biblical theology as applied by Cheyne,
Duhm, and Marti necessarily imply a
6. Con- minute knowledge of history such as
j elusion, we do not possess. While this is true,
historical criticism has reached some assured results. It has been proved that chaps. xxxvi.-xxxix. were excerpted from the Book of Kings, and certain passages of chaps, i.-xxxix. can not have been written by Isaiah (see above). The literary history of chaps, xl.-lxvi. is not as simple as it once was supposed to be. Of these chapters, xl.-lv. may confidently be assigned to Deutero- Isaiah, xl. -xlviii. being written in the exile (c. 546), and xlix.-lv. in Palestine shortly after the, return. The manner and date of origin of lvii.-lxvi. can not be determined with certainty; probably they were written in the age of Ezra and Nehemiah, and were the product of a school of writers rather than of a single pen. James A. Kelso.
Bibliography: On the Life and Times of Isaiah the best work is S. It. Driver, Isaiah, his Life and Times, London, 1893. Consult further: A. H. Sayce, Life and Times of Isaiah Illustrated by Contemporary Monuments, ib. 1889; J. Meinhold, Jesaia und 'seine Zeit, Freiburg, 1898; R. Sinker, Hezekiah and- His Age, ib. 1897; F. Kiichler, Die Stellung des Propheten Jesaia zum Politik seiner zeit, Tubingen, 1906; DB, ii. 485-486; EB, ii. 2180-2190; JE, vi. 635- 636; F. Wilke, Jesaia und Assur, Leipsic, 1905.
On the text consult A. Klostermann, Deuterojesaja, Munich, 1893; T. K. Cheyne, Notes and Criticisms on the Hebrew Text of Isaiah, London, 1868; idem, Isaiah, in SBOT; idem, Critica Biblica, London, 1904; R. L. Ottley, Book of Isaiah according to the LXX., 2 vols., New York, 1904-07; G. H. Box, The Book of Isaiah, London, 1908.
The two best commentaries on the book are by F. Delitzsch, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1889, Eng. transl., 2 vols., London, 1891-92 (conservative), and J. Skinner, in Cambridge Bible, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1896-98 (critical). The book has been constantly the subject of comment, the most noteworthy of which is contained in the works of C. Vitringa, 2 vols., Basel, 1732; R. Lowth, London, 1778 and often (marked out new lines by introducing the subject of the poetry of the book); W. Gesenius, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1821 (philological); F. Hitzig, Heidelberg, 1833; F. J. V. D. Maurer, Leipsic, 1835; E. Henderson, London, 1857; H. Ewald, Stuttgart, 1868, Eng. transl., London, 1875-80; K. A. Knobel, ed. L. Diestel, Leipsic, 1872; J. A. Alexander, 2 vols., New York, 1875; W. Kay, in Bible Commentary, New York, 1875; B. Neteler, Munster, 1876; F. W. Weber, Nordlingen, 1876; S. R. Driver and A. Neubauer, The 53d Chapter of Isaiah according to Jewish Interpreters, 2 vols., Oxford, 1876-77; A. le Hir, Paris, 1877; S. Sharpe, London, 1877; W. Urwick, The Servant of Jehovah, Is. lii. 13-liii. 12, Edinburgh, 1877; T. R. Birks, London, 1878; A. Heiligstedt, Halle, 1878; K. W. E. Nagelsbach, Bielefeld, 1877, Eng. transl., New York, 1878 (in Lange); F. Kostlin, Berlin, 1879; J. W. Nutt, Commentary on Isaiah by Rabbi Eleazer of Beaugenci, with Notice of Mediaeval French and Spanish Exegesis, London, 1879; J. M. Rodwell, ib. 1881; T. K. Cheyne, The Book of Isaiah Chronologically Arranged, London, 1884; Commentary, 2 vols., ib. 1881-84; G. A. Smith, 2 vols.. 1890; H. G. Mitchell, Isaiah i.-xii., New York, 1897; A. Dillmann, ed. R. Kittel, Leipsic, 1898; E. Konig, The Exiles' Book of Consolation, Edinburgh. IS99; A. Condamin, Paris, 1905.