CILLIANISTS.
ITUREA: A region named in Luke iii. 1. The name of a people, " the Itureans," is older than " Iturea" as the name of a region, and is to be connected with the Jetur of Gen. xxv. 15, a son of Ishmael denoting a nomadic stock of the Syro-Arabian desert, whose home, according to the Genesis passage, was in the neighborhood of Teima on the western border of Najd, between Medina and the oasis of Jauf. I Chron. v. 18-22 tells of a victorious campaign of the Hebrews of the East-Jordan land against Jetur and other nomads in pre-exilic times, which shows that Jetur must have changed its place of abode to the neighborhood of the Jabbok; but the mention in Luke iii. 1 can have nothing to do with this passage. Aristobulus I. (105-104 b.c.) fought the Itureans and annexed part of their territory (Josephus, Ant. XIII., xi. 3), and Strabo (XVI., ii. 10, 18) in Roman times locates them on the plain of Massyas (Marsyas) between Laodicea and Chalcis, i.e., in Coele-Syria (q-v.), and he is corroborated by an inscription of Quirinius (Mommsen in Ephemeris epigraphica, iv. 537-542, Berlin, 1881). It is to be concluded therefore that Jetur and the Itureans are the same stock, and that they came north with the migrations of the Arab tribes, settled down, and adopted the manners of the people of the region.
Iturea as the name of a region is connected with this last phase of the people's history. The first ruler of whom mention is made is Ptolemy, son of Menneus, who reigned 85-40 b.c, and had a kingdom of considerable size, including some cities on the coast, and the region about the sources of the Jordan as far east as the neighborhood of Damascus (Josephus, Ant. XIII. , xvi. 3). This Ptolemy paid Pompey 1,000 talents in order to make his rule secure with the Romans (Josephus, Ant. XIV., iii. 2), and he protected the last of the Hasmoneans. His son Lysanias is called king of the Itureans by Dio Cassius, and was executed by order of Antony, 36 B.C. (Josephus, Ant. XV., iv. 1). Later there were only remnants of the great Iturean kingdom, with Chalcis as the capital, one of which was Abilene, ruled by the tetrarch Lysanias (Luke iii. 1); another was the region of Soemus, north of Heliopolis; still another was the region of Chalcis, given by Claudius to Herod, grandson of Herod the Great; and finally the territory of Zenodorus, which came into the possession of Herod the Great (Josephus, Ant. XV., x. 1). After the death of Herod, Augustus joined a portion of the territory of Zenodorus to the territory of the tetrarch Philip (4 B.c-34 a.d.), that part which included Batanea, Trachonitis, and Aura-
RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Italy, the Reformation in Ivo of Chartres
nitis; thus Philip ruled a part of the Iturean territory, a fact which partly justifies the statement in Luke iii. 1. (H. Guthe.)
Bibliography: G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, pp. 5-14 sqq., London, 1897; F. Miinter, De rebus Ituraeorum, Copenhagen, 1824; M. Krenkel, Josephus und Lukas, pp. 90—95, Leipsic, 1894; Schurer, Geschichte, i. 707-725, Eng. transl., I., ii. 325-344; DB, ii. 521-522; EB, ii. 2296-2297.
IVERACH, iv'er-fiH, JAMES: United Free Presbyterian Church, Scotland; b. in Caithness June 1, 1839. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh (1859-63) and New College, Edinburgh (1863-67), and was ordained to the ministry in 1869. He held pastorates at West Calder, Edinburgh (1869-74), and Ferryhill, Aberdeen (1874- 1887) ; was professor of apologetics and dogmatics in United Free Church College, Aberdeen (1887- 1907), and principal (1905-07); and has been professor of New-Testament language and literature (since 1907). He has written Life of Moses (London, 1881); 7s God Knowable? (1884); St. Paul, his Life and Times (1890); Christianity and Evolution (1894); The Truth of Christianity (1895); Theism, in the Light of Present Science and Philosophy (1900); Descartes, Spinoza, and the New Philosophy (1904); and Other Side of Greatness, and Other Sermons (1906).
IVES, aivz, LEVI SILLIMAN: Roman Catholic; b. at Meriden, Conn., Sept. 16, 1797; d. in New York Oct. 13, 1867. He served for about a year in the War of 1812 and subsequently studied at Hamilton College. He was originally a Presbyterian, but joined the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1819. After taking orders in 1822, he held charges at Batavia, N. Y., Philadelphia, and Lancaster, Pa., and in New York, till 1831, when he became bishop of North Carolina. He displayed great zeal and ability in the religious education of the slaves, but his Tractarian views brought him into serious difficulties. While in Rome in 1852 he formally submitted to the pope and became a Roman Catholic. The following October he was solemnly deposed from his episcopal office. On his return to New York he became professor of rhetoric in St. Joseph's Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y., also lecturer on English literature and rhetoric in the Convent of the Sacred Heart. He was prominent in the charitable work of the Roman Catholic Church. He published New Manual of Private Devotions (New York, 1831); The Apostles' Doctrine and Fellowship: Five Sermons (1844); On the Obedience of Faith (1849); and The Trials of a Mind in its Progress to Catholicism (Boston, 1853; London, 1854).
Bibliography: W. S. Perry, The Episcopate in America, p. 57, New York, 1895.
IVIMEY, JOSEPH: English Baptist historian; b. at Ringwood (17 m. w.s.w. of Southampton) May 22, 1773; d. in London Feb. 8, 1834. In early life he followed his father's trade, that of a tailor, at Lymington and Portsea; became a church-member in 1790, an itinerant minister in 1794, assistant minister at Wallingford, Berkshire, in 1803; and pastor of the Baptist church in Eagle Street, Holborn, London, in 1805. He was a pronounced opponent of Roman Catholicism, and so denounced the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts; he was also
interested in the abolition of slavery and in missionary operations. His chief significance is as historian of his denomination, by his History of the English Baptists (4 vols., London, 1834), which, however, is criticized as to be used with caution on account of its mistakes. He wrote on other subjects quite voluminously, his works including Brief Sketch of the History of Dissenters (1810), and John Milton, his Life and Times (1833).
Bibliography: G. Pritchard, Memoir of the Life and Writings of Joseph Ivimey, London, 1835; DNB, xxix.
81-82.
IVO, i"v5', OF CHARTRES (IVO or YVO CAR- NOTENSIS): Bishop of Chartres (47 m. s.w. of Paris); b. in the district of Beauvais c. 1040; d. Dec. 23, 1116. He studied under Lanfranc at Bee, became a canon at Nesle in Picardy, then provost of the abbey of St. Quentin in Beauvais c. 1078, and bishop of Chartres in 1090. As the bishop before him had been deposed for simony, and commanded some support, Ivo's election was contested; but his cause was espoused by Pope Urban II., who had given him consecration. The same pope protected him when subjected to arrest by King Philip I. of France, because Ivo had not acquiesced in the repudiation of Queen Bertha, and the king's liaison with Countess Bertrada of Anjou. In the investiture strife (see Investiture), Ivo took a stand of sagacious mediation between the rights of the State and the Church (cf. his Epist. ad Hugonem archiepiscopum Lugdunensem in MGH, Lib. de lite, ii., 1893, pp. 642, 649, and his letter of 1106 to Pope Paschal II. in MPL, clxii. 19). When subsequently Paschal II. was sharply attacked for his attitude to Emperor Henry V., in the year 1111, Ivo vindicated him, and frustrated the design of Archbishop Joscerannus of Lyons, who aimed to have Paschal's concessions to Henry adjudged heretical by means of a great French council (MGH, ut sup., pp. 649 sqq.). Ivo was highly esteemed in France, and was also on friendly terms with Anselm of Canterbury. The date of his canonization is uncertain; his day is May 20.
The most important among Ivo's writings are his collections of canons, wherein he anticipated Gratian, the Collectio tripartita, the Decretum, and the Panormia. Both as reflecting his own life and as bearing upon the history of his time, his letters are of weight; and there are also twenty-four of his sermons preserved, some of which are detailed treatises on dogmatic and liturgical questions. He also wrote against Berengar of Tours. Certain historical works of his friend, Hugo of Fleury, have been attributed to him erroneously. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: The works, first printed Paris, 1647, are reprinted with a life in MPL, clxi.-clxii. Consult: A. Abry, Yves de Chartres, sa vie et ses ouvrages, Strasburg, 1841; F. Ritzke, De Ivone, episcopo Carnotensi, Wratis- Iaw, 1863; J. Dombrowski, Ivo, Bischof von Chartres, sein Leben und Wirken, Breslau, 1881; A. Sieber, Bischof Ivo von Chartres, Konigsberg, 1895; R. von Scherer, Handbuch des Kirchenrechts, vol. i., 53, Graz, 1886; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., pp. 512 sqq., Leipsic, 1894; F. Fournier, Les Collections canonigues attributes a Yves de Chartres, in Bibliotheque de I'ecole des Chartres, vols, lvii.-lviii., 1896-97; idem, Yves de Chartres et le droit canonique, in Revue des questions historiques, lxvii., 1898; Hauck, KD, iii. 862, 904, 914; and literature indicated in Richardson, Encyclopaedia, p. 515.
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