THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
(I Kings xviii. 45), and was the home of Ahab and Naboth (I Kings xxi. 1) and the scene of Jehu's exploit (II Kings ix. 17 sqq.). It is called Esdraelon in Judith, iii. 9, iv. 6, and in later times, as in the Onomasticon of Eusebius; the modern village Zer'in has preserved the name. There were other places of note on the plain. Josephus (Ant. XX., vi. 1) mentions Ginaea, the modern Jenin, the old Engannim of Josh. xix. 21. Taanach of Judges v. 19 is the modern Ta'annuk. The city of Megiddo lay on the south border of the plain, and appears as the Egyptian Maketi and as Magidda in the Amarna Tablets; it was a royal Canaanitic city, and was refortified by Solomon. In the western part lay the village of Nein, to be identified with the Nain of Luke vii. 11 sqq. The modern Endur bespeaks the ancient En-dor of Josh. xvii. 11, south of which is Sulem, the Shunem of Josh. xix. 18. Aphek must be sought not far from the city of Jezreel, possibly in the ruins of the modern El-Fule.
(H. Guthe.) Bibliography: G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, chap, xix., London, 1897; H. Reland, Palaslina, pp. 359-370, Utrecht, 1714; C. Bitter, Comparative Geography of Palestine, ii. 314-315, 317, 322, iv. 333, 343- 350, Edinburgh, 1866; G. Ebers and H. Guthe, Palastina in Bild und Wort, i. 275-290, Stuttgart, 1883; W. M. Thomson, The Land and the Book, ii. 177-191, New York, 1886; W. M. Muller, Asien und Europa, pp. 157-158, 167, Leipsic, 1893; F. Buhl, Geographie des alten Palastina, pp. 106 sqq., 204 sqq., Tubingen, 1896; Robinson, Researches, iii. 161-168; Schiirer, Geschichte, i. 494-495, Eng. transl., I., ii. 89; DB, ii. 657-658; EB, ii. 2458-2460, JE, vii. 186-187.
JOAB: One of the most notable contemporaries of David, son of Zeruiah, sister of David, and brother of Abishai and Asahel (II Sam. ii. 18). He first appears in II Sam. ii. 13 as one of David's captains in the war with Ish-bosheth, though I Sam. xxii. 1 implies that he had then been long a companion of David. In this war Abner, the leader of Ish-bosheth's forces, slew Asahel, Joab's brother, causing a blood feud with Joab, who avenged his brother by killing Abner, but under such circumstances as to involve David in the suspicion of playing Abner false, since he was treating with Abner for the union of the northern tribes under his sway (II Sam. ii.-iii.). Joab was so powerful in the army that David had to confess his inability to punish Joab for the murder and the consequences which might have resulted (II Sam. iii. 39). I Chron. xi. 4-8 makes Joab win his position of leader by capturing the fortress of Jerusalem; but this does not agree with II Sam. v. 6-9 and the context, according to which Joab was already a leader.
According to II. Sam viii. 16, when David became king of all Israel, to Joab was given command of the army, but since military achievements thereafter were ascribed to David himself, the name of Joab appears only occasionally. He waged a bloody war in Edom and drove the Edomitic king in exile to Egypt (I Kings xi. 15-17); defeated the Aramean allies of the Ammonites (II Sam. x. 6-14); executed the command of David to have Uriah killed in a skirmish (II Sam. xi. 14-27); and yielded to David the glory of a hard-earned victory over the capital of the Ammonites (II Sam. xii. 26-31).
It was Joab who, by employing a stratagem carried through by a wise woman of Tekoa, persuaded David to recall from exile Absalom, who had killed his brother Amnon, and two years later secured a formal reconciliation between father and son (II Sam. xiii. 39-xiv. 33). In the rebellion of Absalom Joab remained true to David, killed the unfilial rebel, and advised the king wisely when the latter in mourning for his son was likely to alienate the affections of his people. He defeated an attempt of David to appoint Amasa in his place (II Sam. xvii.-xx.), killing Amasa in the war which arose over the rebellion of Sheba and thus raising another blood- feud. He opposed the census of the people ordered by David (II Sam. xiv. 1-9). At the end of David's reign Joab favored Adonijah as the rightful heir to the throne, and thereby incurred the enmity of Solomon, who was designated David's successor and was favored by the party of Nathan. For this and earlier offenses Joab was slain at the altar by command of Solomon (I Kings ii. 18-34).
(H. Guthe.)
Bibliography: The commentaries on Samuel and Kings and the relevant sections in the works on the history of Israel (named under Ahab); DB, ii. 658-659; EB, ii. 2460-2462- JE, vii. 187-189.
JOACHIM I., jo'a-kim: Margrave of Brandenburg; b. Feb. 21, 1484; d. at Stendal (40 m. n.n.e. of Magdeburg), July 11, 1535. Although only fifteen years of age at the death of his father he assumed control of the government and appeared in the diet of 1500 with the dignity of electoral prince, having associated his ten-year-old brother with himself as nominal co-ruler. Through Dietrich of Billow the young prince had received a thorough humanistic education, and in his intense admiration for the new learning he sought and secured the friendship of the famous Tritheim, abbot of Sponheim, who, after a long solicitation, visited Berlin in 1505 .and took part in the following year in the foundation of the University at Frankfort-on-the- Oder. Both by Tritheim and by Aleander Joachim was praised as a learned prince and as a patron of the sciences. In the government of his territories he displayed exceptional energy in the suppression of public disorder and he followed this up with the introduction of the Roman law and important judicial reforms which, however, were slow in coming into effect. In the imperial election which resulted in the choice of Charles V., Joachim played an unworthy role of mingled duplicity and weakness, carrying on secret negotiations both with Emperor Maximilian and with Francis I. of France and appearing finally as a candidate himself. He failed, however, to secure the vote even of his brother Albert, whom his influence had made, in 1514, archbishop of Mainz (see Albert of Brandenburg). He held himself aloof from the imperial court until the victory of Pavia in 1525 made Charles all-powerful in Germany. Thereupon Joachim became a thorough partizan of the House of Hapsburg.
As early as 1514 he had allowed the sale of indulgences to be carried on in his dominions, and three years later Tetzel was permitted to pursue his practises there. The theologians at the University of Frankfort took sides against Luther, whom the