VII. THE WESTMINSTER STANDARDS.

VII. THE WESTMINSTER STANDARDS.

§ 92. The Puritan Conflict.

Literature.

1. Sources.

1. The Parliamentary Acts, the Minutes and Standards of the Westminster Assembly, the royal Proclamations, Cromwell's Letters, Milton's state papers, and other public documents. See the State Calendars; Rushworth's Collection (1616-1648); Cardwell's Documentary Annals of the Church of England (1546-1716); Camden's Annals of James I. (with the king's own works); Winwood's Memorials of State; and the literature mentioned in § 93 and § 94.

2. The private writings of the Episcopal and Puritan divines during the reigns of Elizabeth and the Stuarts, too numerous even to classify. Much material for history may be drawn from the works of Archbishop Laud (b. 1573, beheaded 1645), especially his Diary (in the first vol. of his Remains, publ. by H. Wharton, 1695-1700, in 2 vols. fol., and in the Anglo-Catholic Library, Oxford, 1847-1850, 5 vols.), and of Richard Baxter (1615-1691), especially in the Narrative of his Life and Times (publ. by Sylvester, 1696, under the title Reliquiæ Baxterianæ, in 1 vol. fol., and by Dr. Calamy, 1713, in 4 vols., and in ed. of his Practical Works, Lond. 1830, 23 vols. Baxter's numerous controversial tracts have never been collected, and have gone, with his medical prescriptions, to 'everlasting rest,' but his practical works will last). Mrs. Lucy Hutchinson's Memoirs of (her husband) Colonel Hutchinson, with Original Anecdotes of many of his most Distinguished Contemporaries, and a Summary Review of Public Affairs (publ. from MS. 7th ed. Lond. 1848), present an admirable picture of the inner and private life of the Puritans.

3. Innumerable controversial pamphlets and tracts for the times, which did the work of the newspapers of to-day. From 1640 to 1660 no less than 30,000 pamphlets on Church government alone are said to have appeared. Milton's tracts surpass all others in eloquence and force.

2. Historical.

Thomas Fuller (1608-1661, Prebendary of Sarum): The Church History of Britain, from the Birth of Christ until the Year 1648. Ed. of Brewer, Oxford, 1845, in 6 vols. (Vols. V. and VI.).

Clarendon (1608-1674, Royalist and Episcopalian): History of the Rebellion. Oxford ed. 1839 and 1849, 7 vols.

Daniel Neal (1678-1743, Independent): History of the Puritans, or Protestant Nonconformists, from the Reformation in 1517 to the Revolution in 1688. Lond. 1732; Toulmin's ed. 1793, 5 vols.; Choules's ed. New York (Harpers), 1858, in 2 vols.

J. B. Marsden (Vicar of Great Missenden): The History of the Early Puritans, from the Reformation to the Opening of the Civil War in 1642. Lond. 1850, 2d ed. 1853. By the same: The History of the Later Puritans, from the Opening of the Civil War in 1642 to the Ejection of the Nonconforming Clergy in 1662. Lond. 1852.

Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 5th ed. ch. vii.-xi.

Th. Carlyle: Life and Letters of Cromwell. Lond. and New York, 1845, 2 vols. ('Edited with the care of an antiquarian and the genius of a poet.'--Green, Hist. of the English People, p. 530.)

Guizot's French works on Charles I. (1625-1649, 2 vols.), Cromwell (1649-1658), the Re-establishment of the Stuarts (1658-1660, 2 vols.), Monk (1660, transl. by Scoble, 1851), the English Revolution of 1640 (transl. by Hazlitt, Lond. 1856).

Samuel Hopkins: The Puritans during the Reigns of Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth. Boston, 1859-61, 3 vols.

Principal Tulloch (Scotch Presbyt.): English Puritanism and its Leaders: Cromwell, Milton, Baxter, Bunyan. Lond. 1861.

Dr. John Stoughton (Independent): Ecclesiastical History of England (during the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, and the Restoration). Lond. 1867-1875, 5 vols. By the same: Church and State Two Hundred Tears ago. A History of Ecclesiastical Affairs in England from 1660 to 1663. Lond. 1862. By the same: Spiritual Heroes; or, Sketches of the Puritans (Ch. VI., The Westminster Assembly, pp. 120 sqq.). Lond. 1850.

Dr. David Masson (Prof. of Rhetoric and English Lit. in the Univ. of Edinb.): The Life of John Milton: Narrated in connection with the Political, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of his Times. Lond. 1859 80, 6 vols. See Vol. II. (1871), Books III. and IV., and Vol. III. (1873), Books I., II., and III.

On the early history of New England Puritanism, see the well-known works of Palfrey, Bancroft, Felt; and Leonard Bacon's Genesis of the New England Churches (New York, 1874)