THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
to 1903 he was surrogate of the diocese of Worcester, and was appointed honorary canon of Worcester in 1892. In 1903 he was translated to the diocese of Manchester. He has written Pastors and Teachers (London, 1902).
KNOX, GEORGE WILLIAM: Presbyterian; b. at Rome, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1853. He was graduated at Hamilton College in 1874 and Auburn Theological Seminary in 1877. He then engaged in missionary work in Japan, and was professor of homiletics in Union Theological Seminary, Tokyo, 1881-93 and of philosophy and ethics in the Imperial University of Japan in 1886. In 1893 he returned to the United States and was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Rye, X. Y., 1894-99. He was lecturer on apologetics in Union Theological Seminary, New York City, 1897-99, and since 1899 has been professor of philosophy and history of religion in the same institution. He was vice-president of the Asiatic Society of Japan 1891-92, Nathaniel Taylor lecturer at Yale in 1903; also lecturer on the history of religion in 1905-06. In addition to works in Japanese he has written: The Christian Point of View (in collaboration with F Brown and A. C. McGiffert (New York, 1902); Direct and Fundamental Proofs of the Christian Religion (1903); Japanese Life in Town and Country (1904); The Spirit of the Orient (1906); and The Development of Religion in Japan (1906).
KNOX, JOHN.
Earlier Life (§1).
Conversion to Protestantism (§ 2).
Ministry at St. Andrews (§ 3).
Confinement in the French Galleys (§ 4).
Ministry in England, 1549-54 (§ 5).
On the Continent, 1554-59 (§ 6).
Organization of the Church in Scotland (§ 7).
Knox and Queen Mary (§ 8).
Ministry in Edinburgh and Private Life (§ 9).
Personal Appearance and Manner (§ 10).
Testimonies to his Character (§ 11).
Neither the place nor the date of the birth of John Knox, the great Scotch Reformer, is settled beyond dispute; but the weightiest considerations favor Giffordgate, a suburb of the town of Haddington (16 m. e. of Edinburgh) as the place and 1513 or 1514 as the year (cf . H. Cowan, John Knox, pp. 22- 25, 45-48). He died at Edinburgh Nov. 24, 1572. His father was William Knox, of fair, though not distinguished, descent, who fought at i. Earlier Flodden, and had his home in the Life. county of Haddington. His mother's name was Sinclair. He received the elements of a liberal education in Haddington, which early possessed an excellent grammar-school — one of those schools originally monastic and due to the public spirit which, at least as regards education, animated the Scottish Church even antecedently to the Reformation. Thence he proceeded either to the University of Glasgow, where the name " John Knox " occurs among the incorporati in 1522, or to St. Andrews, where he is stated by Beza to have studied under the celebrated John Major (q.v.), a native, like Knox, of East Lothian and one of the greatest scholars of his time. Major was at Glasgow in 1522 and at St. Andrews in 1531. How long Knox remained at college is uncertain. He certainly
never made any pretense to be such a scholar as his contemporaries George Buchanan and Alesius; nor is there evidence that he even graduated. That he was a fair Latinist, and accustomed to study, appears from the fact, which seems to be well attested of his familiarity with the writings of Augustine and Jerome. He acquired the Greek and Hebrew languages at a later period, as his writings indicate. He was ordained to the priesthood at some date prior to 1540, when his status as a priest is first mentioned. It appears from evidence adduced by Laing (in his ed. of the Works of Knox) that in 1543 Knox had not yet divested himself of Roman orders; at any rate, in his character as a priest, he signed a notarial instrument dated Mar. 27 of that year, the original of which is still to be found in the charter-room at Tyninghame Castle. Up to this time, however, he seems to have employed himself in private tuition rather than in parochial duties; and, at the moment when he last signed his name as a priest, he was probably already engaged in the office — which he held for several years — of tutor in the family of Hugh Douglas of Longniddry, in East Lothian, with the further charge of the son of a neighboring gentleman, John Cockburn of Ormiston. Both of these lairds, like Knox himself, had even at this time a leaning to the new doctrines.
Knox first publicly professed the Protestant faith about the end of 1545. His mind had in all probability been directed to that faith for some 2. Conver- time before the change was avowed. sion to According to Calderwood, Thomas Protestant- Guillaume, a native of East Lothian, ism. of the order of Blackfriars and for a short time chaplain to the Regent Arran in 1543, was the first " to give Mr. Knox a taste of the truth." Beza attributes his original change of opinion to the study in early manhood, as already stated, of Augustine and Jerome. But the immediate instrument, probably, of his actual conversion was the learned and amiable George Wishart (q.v.) who, after a period of banishment, returned to his native country in 1544, to perish, within two years, at the stake, as the last and most illustrious of the victims of Cardinal Beaton. Among other places where he preached the Reformed doctrines Wishart had come to East Lothian in Dec, 1545, and there made Knox's acquaintance. The attachment which the latter formed for the person as well as for the doctrine of Wishart, must be described as of the nature of a youthful enthusiasm. Knox followed the Reformer everywhere, and constituted himself his body-guard, bearing, it is said, a two-edged sword, that he might be prepared to defend him against the cardinal's emissaries, who were known to be seeking Wishart's life. And, on the night of the latter's apprehension, Knox was hardly restrained from sharing his captivity, and consequently, in all probability, his fate. The words of Wishart's remonstrance are well known: " Nay, return to your bairns [pupils]. One is sufficient for a sacrifice."
Knox was first called to the Protestant ministry at St. Andrews, which was throughout his life intimately associated with the Reformer's career.