RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Leyser
Liber Pontificalia
Bibliography : P. Bayle, Dictionary, Historical and Critical, iii. 505-517, London, 1736; M. J. A. N. Caritat, Eloge de M. I'Hdpital, Paris. 1777, cf. his Eloges des Academicians, vol. v., ib. 1799; E. DupreVLasalle, in Le Droit, March and June, 1858; idem, Michel de V Hospital, Paris, 1899; A. H. Taillandier, Nouvelles recherches historiques sur la vie de . L'Hdpital, Paris, 1861; A. F. Villemain, Etudes d'hist. moderne; vie de L'Hopital, ib. 1862; P. D. L., Eclaircissement historians et genealogique sur L'Hdpital et sa famille, Clermont-Ferrand, 1862; H. Amphoux, M. de L'Hdpital et la liberie de conscience au xvi. siecle, Paris, 1900; Lichtenberger, ESR, vi. 366-374.
LIAFWINE. See Lebwin.
LIBANIUS li-be'ni-us: One of the latest and most important of the Greek sophists; b. at Antioch 314; d. there c. 395. He studied for four years at Athens, then opened a school at Constantinople, where his lectures became so popular that in 343 rival teachers of rhetoric secured his expulsion from the city on a charge of " magic." After teaching for five years in Nicomedia he returned to Constantinople, but, finding his adversaries in the ascendency, he finally settled in Antioch in 354. He was an intimate friend of the Emperor Julian, who corresponded with him. He was a teacher of Basil the Great and Chrysostom, and maintained friendly relations with them throughout life. His works consist of declamations, orations, a life of Demosthenes, an autobiography, and letters, of which there are no less than 1,607 extant. The letters were edited by C. H. Wolf (Amsterdam, 1738), the declamations and orations by J. J. Reiske (4 vols., Altenburg, 1791-97). A few of his writings, including sixteen letters to Julian, were translated by J. Duncombe and published in Select Works of the Emperor Julian (2 vols., London, 1784). His funeral oration on Julian, in English translation, is in C. W. King's Julian the Emperor (London, 1888).
Bibliography: L. Petit, Essai sur la vie et la correspondance du sophist Libanius, Paris, 1866; G. R. Sievers, Das Leben des Libanius, Berlin, 1868; A. Gardner, Julian Philosopher and Emperor, London, 1895; G. Negri, Julian, the Apostate, passim, New York, 1903 (valuable).
LIBELLATICI. See Lapsed.
LIBER COMICUS. See Peeicope, §§ 5-6.
LIBER DIURNUS ROMANORUM PONTIFICUM:
A collection of formularies used at Rome in connection with the principal ecclesiastical functions, such as the coronation of a pope, the consecration of the suburbicarian bishops, the granting of the pallium or of special privileges. Based mainly upon the letters of Gelasius I. and Gregory I., the book took shape between 685 and 751. It was used down to the eleventh century, in fact individual formularies are found from it in the collections of canons made in the twelfth, as in Gratian; but after that period, being no longer applicable to the altered position of the Roman see, it fell into disuse and oblivion. It was rediscovered by Lucas Holste (q.v.) in a manuscript belonging to the Cistercian library of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme at Rome. He was preparing to publish it in 1650, after collation with another version sent him by Sirmond from the College de Clermont, when the Roman censorship forbade him, and he died in 1661 without gaining permission. The ground of
this refusal was the " profession of faith " contained in it, to be made by each pope on taking office, which included a declaration of assent to the decrees of the sixth general council and a repudiation of the heresies condemned by it, mentioning Honorius I. among the supporters of the latter. The book was published by the Jesuit Gamier in 1680 at Paris, and Mabillon, who on his visit to Rome examined the manuscript found by Holste, and gave extracts from it in his Museum Italicum. Garnier's edition was reprinted by Hofmann (Leipsic, 1733) and Riegger (Vienna, 1762) ; and an edition meeting the requirements of modern scholarship was published by Eugene de Roziere (Paris, 1869), including the necessary textual apparatus and the notes of Gamier, Baluze, and Zaccaria. This edition is based on a collation by Daremberg and Renan of the Vatican manuscript, then still supposed to be the only one extant, which according to Mabillon belongs to the latter half of the ninth century. Von Sickel then published another edition (Vienna, 1889) which contained important new results, denying the unity of the composition and taking somewhat different views as to its date. But he was unaware that the Ambrosian Library at Milan contains another manuscript, so that his conclusions can not be accepted as final. In the centuries following the eleventh, attempts were made to supply the place of the old book, which was now no longer serviceable, and collections are extant in manuscript under the titles Literce quce in curia domini papm dari consueverunt and Stylus scriptorum curia Romance, extending from John XXII. to Gregory XII. and John XXIII.
(J. F. VON SCHULTE.) Bibliography: Consult, besides the prolegomena and discussions in the editions named in the text, Sickel, Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, philosophisch-historische Klasse, vol. cxvii.; KL, vii. 1881-86; F. Palacky, Ueber Formelbucher, Prague, 1842.
LIBER PONTIFICALIS: The Liber pontificalis contains the history of the popes from St. Peter down, in the form of biographies. The oldest work bearing this title, to which it is most properly applied, comes down to Stephen V. (885-891), with the omission of the three predecessors of this pope, John VIII., Marinus II., and Adrian III.; the text of the extant manuscripts stops mid- Original way in the life of Stephen V., so that Form. it is not possible to say how it originally terminated. As to its origin various opinions have been entertained. In the Middle Ages, on the ground of the letters of Damasus and Jerome appended to it, Damasus was supposed to be the author. The Humanists (e.g., Onofrio Panvinio) were more critical, and conjectured Anastasius, librarian of Nicholas I.; though this hypothesis was refuted by the Vatican librarian, Emanuel Schelstrate (in his Dissertatio de antiquis Romanorum pontificum catalogis, Rome, 1692), as well as by G. G. Ciampini (Examen librx pontificalis, ib. 1688) and by F. Bianchini in his edition of the Liber pontificalis (ib. 1718 sqq.). Duchesne has proved that the lives were the products of a gradual evolution; and the only debatable question is now as to the date of its original compila-
Liber Pontificalia Liber Vitse