THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1886; H. Ehrensberger, Bibliotheca liturgica, Carlsruhe, 1889; Bibliotheca musico — liturgica, London, 1894 (a list of musical and Latin liturgical manuscripts of the Middle Ages).
Among the sources may be named: James Brogden, Illustrations of the Liturgy and Ritual of the United Church of England and Ireland during the Seventeenth Century, London, 1842; W. Palmer, Origines Liturgica:; or, Antiquities of the English Ritual, 2 vols., ib. 1845; P. Hall, Fragmenta Liturgica, Documents Illustrative of the Liturgy of the Church of England, 7 vols., Bath, 1848; W Trollope, The Greek Liturgy of St. James, Edited with an English Introduction and Notes; together with a Latin Version of the Syriac Copy, and the Greek Text restored to its original Purity and accompanied by a literal English Translation, 8 vols., Edinburgh, 1848; The Eastern Liturgy of the Holy Catholic, Apostolic, simplified and supplemented by James Ferretti of Damascus, London, 1866; The Book of Common Order of the Church of Scotland, commonly Known as John Knox's Liturgy and the Directory for the Public Worship of God Agreed upon by the Assembly of Divines at Westminster; Notes by G. W Sprott and T. Leishman, Edinburgh, 1868; S. C. Malan, Divine Liturgy of the Armenian Church of St. Gregory, London, 1870; F. E. Warren, The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church, 8 vols., New York, 1882; J. M. Neale, The Liturgies of St. Mark, St. James, St. Clement, St. Chrysostom, St. Basil and the Church of Malabar; translated with Introduction and Appendices, London, 1883; C. A. Swainson, The Greek Liturgies, chiefly from Original Authorities. With an Appendix containing the Coptic Ordinary Canon of the Mass from two Manuscripts in the British Museum, ed. and transl., Dr. C. Bezold, ib. 1884; The Divine and Sacred Liturgies of John Chrysostom and Basil the Great, with an Eng. transl., ed. J. N. W. B. Robertson, ib. 1886; A. Maltsev, Die gottlichcn Liturgien Johannes Chrysostomos, Basilios des Grossen und Gregorios Dialogos, Berlin, 1890; idem, Die Liturgien der orthodox-katholischen Kirche des M orgenlandes, Berlin, 1894; H. A. Wilson, The Galasian Sacramentary, Liber sacramentorum Romance ecclesim, ed. with Introduction, critical Notes, and Appendix with two Facsimiles, New York, 1894; C. E. Hammond, Liturgies Eastern and Western, Oxford, 1896; F. E. Warren, The Liturgy and Ritual of the Ante-Nicene Church, London, 1897; F. Cabrol and H. Leclercq, Monumenta ecclesiae liturgica, Paris, 1900; E. C N. Barfoed, Oldkirkens Liturgier, Copenhagen, 1902; Benedictional of Archbishop Robert of Rouen, ed. H. A. Wilson in Publications of the Henry Bradshaw Society, vol. xxiv., London, 1903; V. Staley, Hierurgia Anglicana; Documents and Extracts illustrative of the Ceremonial of the Anglican Church after the Reformation, edited by Members of the Ecclesiastical Society, ib. 1903; Die nestorianische Taufliturgie ins Deutsche ubersetzt von G. Diettrich, Giessen, 1903; A. Baumstark, Liturgia Romana e liturgia dell'Esarcato. II rito detto Patriarchino e le origini del Canon Missce Romano, Rome, 1904; A. Sehoenfelder, Liturgische Bibliothek; Sammlung gottesdienstlicher Bucher aus dem deutschen Mittelalter, Paderborn, 1904; C.Wordsworth and H. Littlehales, Old Service Books of the English Church, London, 1904; The East Syrian or Nestorian Rite, transl. by A. J. Maclean, ib. 1905; Ordo Romanus primus, with Introduction by E. G. C. F. Atchley, ib. 1905; Rituale Armenorum, the Administration of the Sacraments and the Breviary Rites of the Armenian Church, edited by F. C. Conybeare, Oxford, 1905; The Divine Liturgy of the Holy Apostolic Church of Armenia, Translated by two Armenian Priests, London, 1908; D. Levi, The Form of Prayers for the New Year, Day of Atonement, Feast of the Tabernacles, etc., according to the Custom of the German and the Polish Jews as read in their Synagogues and used in their Families. Carefully revised by I. Levi, 6 vols., London, n.d.
Discussions of the subject are: F. Ehrenfeuchter, Theorie des christlichen Cultus, Hamburg, 1840; T. Kliefoth, Theorie des Cultus der evangelischen Kirche, Ludwigslust, 1844; idem, Liturgische Abhandlungen, 8 vols., Schwerin, 1854-62; C. W. Baird, Eutaxia, or, The Presbyterian Liturgies: Historical Sketches, New York, 1855, reprinted under the title, A Chapter on Liturgies: Historical Sketches, with an introductory Preface and an Appendix by Rev. Thos. Binney, London, 1856; H. Alt, Der christliche Kultus nach seinen verschiedenen Entwickelungsformen und seinen einzelnen Theilen, 2 vols., Berlin, 1860; Ivan Borovnitsky, Origin and Composition of the Roman Catholic Liturgy, and its Difference from that
of the Orthodox Church, London, 1863; J. M. Neale, Essays on Liturgiology and Church History: with an Appendix on liturgical Quotations from the Isapostolic Fathers by J Moultrie, 8 vols., ib. 1867; F. Probst, Liturgie der drei ersten christlichen Jahrhunderte, Tubingen, 1870; H. C Romanoff, The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, ib! 1871; T. Bernard, Cours de liturgie romaine, Paris 1884-93; P. L. P. Gueranger, Institutions liturgiques, ib'. 1885; idem, The Liturgical Year, Worcester, 1895; H. Hering, Hulfsbuch zur Einfuhrung in das liturgischt Stadium, Wittenberg, 1888; P. Freeman, The Principles of Divine Service, London, 1889; H. M. Luckock, The Divine Liturgy, ib. 1889; F. Probst, Liturgie des vierten Jahrhunderts und deren Reform, Miinster, 1893; V. Thalhofer, Handbuch der katholischen Liturgik, Freiburg, 1894- L. Clugnet, Dictionnaire grec-francais des noms liturgiques en usage dans I'eglise grecque, Paris, 1S95; A. Ebner Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Missale Romanum im Mittelalter, Freiburg, 1896; F. Magani, L'Antica liturgia Romana, Milano, 1897-99; J. Comper, A Popular Handbook of the Origin, Hist., and Structure of Liturgies, London, 1898; G. Rietschel, Lehrbuch der Liturgik, 2 vols., Berlin, 1899; F. Cabrol, Le Livre de la priere antique, Paris, 1900; idem, Dictionnaire; J. W. Legg, Some Local Reforms of the Divine Service Attempted on the Continent in the Sixteenth Century, London, 1901; L. Duchesne, Christian Worship, a Study of the Latin Liturgy up to the time of Charlemagne, ib. 1904; Nerses Ter- Mikaelian, Das armenische Hymnarium. Studien zu seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung, Leipsic, 1905; F. Cabrol, Les Origines liturgiques, Paris, 1906; P. C. Yorke, The Roman Liturgy, a Hist, and Explanation of the Ceremonies and Prayers, San Francisco, 1906; P. Drews, Die clementinische Liturgie in Rom, Tubingen, 1906; W. H. Frere, The Principles of Religious Ceremonial, London, 1906; V. Staley, Studies in Ceremonial: Essays illustrative of English Ceremonial, London, 1907; H. Bauerle, Liturgie; Theorie des romisch-katholischen Kultus, Regensburg, 1908; C. P. A. Burnett, Ritual and Ceremonial, London, 1908; L. Duchesne, Origines du culte chretienne, Paris, 1908; J. Braun, Die liturgische Gewandung im Occident und Orient nach Ursprung und Entwicklung, Verwendung und Symbolik, Freiburg, 1908; Beitrage zur Kenntnis der byzantinischen Liturgie, Berlin, 1908.
III. : For the Amen the most notable contribution is in Cabrol, Dictionnaire, fasc, vi., cols. 1554-73. Consult also: Bingham, Origines, XV., iii. 26; Thalhofer, ut sup., i. 512 sqq.; H. W. Hogg, in JQR, ix (1896), 1-23; E. F. von der Goltz, Das Gebet in der altesten Christenheit, pp. 157 sqq., Leipsic, 1901; DC A, i. 75-76. On the Doxology consult: Chase, in TS, i. 3 (1891), 168 sqq.; Bingham, Origines, XIV., i. 8, ii. 1-2; V. Thalhofer, ut sup., i. 490 sqq., ii. 77 sqq.; E. C. Achelis, Lehrbuch der praktischen Theologie, i. 394, Leipsic, 1898; E. F. von der Goltz, ut sup., pp. 157 sqq.; DCA, i. 577-579. For Alleluia consult: Cabrol, Dictionnaire, fasc. v., cols. 1226- 1246; Bingham, Origines, XIV., ii. 4; V. Thalhofer, ut sup., i. 515 sqq., ii. 100 sqq.; O'Mahony, in Dublin Review, cxx (1897), 345-350; L. Duchesne, Christian Worship, London, 1904; DCA, i. 55-56; DB, ii. 287; EB, ii. 1943^4. On the Hosanna consult: V. Thalhofer, ut sup., ii. 185; Bingham, Origines, II., ix. 3, XIV., ii. 5; DCA,i.1&5; DB, ii. 418-419; EB, ii. 2117-20; DCA, i. 749- 751. On the Kyrie eleison consult: V. Thalfhofer, ut sup., i. 495-500; E. C. Achelis, in M onatsschrift fur Gottesdienst und kirchliche Kunst, iv. 161 sqq., 211 sqq.; L. Duchesne, Christian Worship, London, 1904. On the Pax vobiscum consult: Bingham, Origines, XIII., viii. 13, x. 8, XIV., iv. 14, XV., iii. 2; V. Thalhofer, ut sup., i. 503 sqq., ii. 82, 85, 422; DCA, i. 572.
LIUDGER, lud'ger (LUDGER), SAINT: Missionary to the Frisians and first bishop of Miinster; b. in Frisia, probably between 740 and 750; d. at Billerbeck (15 m. w.n.w. of Miinster) Mar. 26, 809. He was educated at Utrecht, and thence went, about 767, to York, where for a year he enjoyed the instruction of Alcuin and was ordained deacon. After remaining there for some time longer, he returned to Frisia and was employed as a missionary among his fellow countrymen by