THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
fourth in numbers of all Germany. Around this center there grew up with wonderful rapidity a number of institutions, such as asylums for idiots, a Magdalen asylum, hospitals for men and women, a chapel, industrial schools, etc. In 1865 a branch of the institution of deaconesses was founded at Polsingen near Oettingen, consisting of a department for male idiots, a district hospital, a reformatory, and an asylum for infants.
The characteristic trait in Lohe's personality was a healthy combination of orthodoxy with originality of thinking. Sin and grace, justification and sanctification, were the central points of his theology. As a preacher, he was among the greatest of the century. Originality of conception, vivid imagination, and prophetic fervor, were his chief characteristics in the pulpit. Lohe also made a profound study of liturgies and laid down his views in Agende fur christliche Gemeinden (1848). He awakened everywhere the sense for liturgical order. But he was perhaps even greater as a pastor than as a preacher. Lohe was a man of striking appearance. His head was large, his forehead high; his mouth made the impression of great decision of character; his voice was powerful, and his eye bright and searching. He wrote not less than sixty works growing out of the experiences of his spiritual office and serving practical purposes. His earlier writings originated from his opposition to the State Church, Unsere kirchliche Lage (Nordlingen, 1850); Aphorismen iiber die neutestamentlichen Aemter und ihr Verhdltniss zur Gemeinde (Nuremberg, 1849); Kirche und Ami, neue Aphorismen (Erlangen, 1851); Die bayerische Generalsynode vom Fruhjahr 1849 und das lutherische Bekenntnis (Nuremberg, 1849). Of a permanent value are Drei Biicher von der Kirche (Stuttgart, 1845); Rosenmonate heiliger Frauen (1860); Der evangelische Geistliche (2 vols., 1852-58); Sieben Predigten (Nuremberg, 1836); Predigten iiber das Vaterunser (1837); Sieben Vortrage iiber die Worte am Kreuze (Stuttgart, 1859); Erinnerungen aus der Reformationsgeschichte von Franken (Nuremberg, 1847); Haus-, SchuU und Kirchenbuch fur Christen lutherischen Bekenntnisses (Stuttgart, 1845); Samenkorner (Xordlingen, 1844). (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: J. Deinzer. W. Lbhes Leben, 3 vols., 3ded., Gutersloh, 1901; H. Beck, Die innere Mission in Bayern, pp. 18 sqq., Hamburg, 1880; K. Eichner, Wilhelm Lohe, ein Lebensbild, Nuremberg, 1907.
LOEHR, lur, MAX: German Protestant; b. at Stettin Apr. 30, 1864. He was educated at the universities of Konigsberg and Gottingen (Ph.D., 1889), was member of the royal Domstift at Berlin (1889-90), and then became privat-docent for Old- Testament exegesis at Konigsberg, and in 1892 associate professor of the same subject at Breslau. Became professor of the Old Testament at Konigsberg, 1909. He was engaged at the German Archeological Institute in Jerusalem in 1903-04, edited the Syriac annotations of Bar Hebrams on the Pauline epistles (Gottingen, 1889) and wrote Die Klagelieder des Jeremias erkldrt (for W. Nowack's Handkommentar zum Alten Testament; 1894); Der M issionsgedanke im Alten Testamente (Freiburg, 1S96); Geschichte des Volkes Israel (Strasburg,
1900); Untersuchungen zum Buche Amos (Giessen, 1901); Babel und die biblische Urgeschichte (Breslau, 1902); Seelenkdmpfe und Glaubensnote vor zwei Tausend Jahren (Halle, 1904); Der vulgararabische Dialekt von Jerusalem (Giessen, 1905); Alttestamentliche Religionsgeschichte (Leipsic, 1906); and Die Stellung des Weibes zu J ahwe-Religion und -Kult (1908). He likewise prepared the third edition of O. Thenius' Kommentar zu den Biichern Samuelis (Leipsic, 1898).
LOEN, lun, JOHANN MICHAEL VON: German statesman and author; b. at Frankfort-on-the- Main Dec. 21, 1694; d. at Lingen (36 m. w.n.w. of Osnabriick), Hanover, July 26, 1776. He began the study of law at Marburg in 1711, but removed to Halle in 1712, and finally settled at Frankfort in 1723. As a prolific, open-minded writer, he attracted considerable attention in the literary world, and gained the notice of Frederick the Great, who, in 1753, conferred on him the offices of Prussian privy councilor and administrative president of the County of Lingen and Tecklenburg, which he held until his death.
His copious writings, of historical, esthetic, literary, political, ethical, and religious range, were published under the title Gesammelte kleine Schriften (ed. J. E. Schneider, 4 vols., Frankfort, 1749- 1752). His standpoint is essentially that of the Enlightenment (q.v.), except that with him confessional indifferentism is still associated with a warm and genuine ethical religious interest. His aim of working in the cause of church union and a comprehensive type of Christianity expressed itself in his first work, the pseudonymous Evangelischer Friedenstampel, nach Art der ersten Kirche entworfen (Frankfurt, 1724). He made a German translation of Fgnelon's spiritual writings; while his personal association with Zinzendorf resulted in Der vernunftige Gottesdienst nach der leichten Lehrart des Heilandes (Frankfurt, 1738 and often). The work which made Loen's name best known, yet brought upon him the most numerous and vehement attacks, was Die einzige icahre Religion (Frankfort, 1750). In the first half he shows this to consist solely in faith in God through Christ, and in a correspondingly devout and virtuous life according to the eternal law of love. The second part treats of the ideal union in the outward details of Christian life. This remarkable book combines liberalizing thoughts with the principles of the Roman Catholic hierarchy, and blends rationalistic and pietistic ideas ic ;o its dream of one universal Christian Church. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: J. C. Strodtmann, Das neue gelehrte Europa, ii. 520-570, x. 428-439, Wolfenbiittel, 1753-56; J. A. Trinius, Freydenker Lexikon, pp. 545-575; F. G. Meusel, Lexikon der . . . 1760-1800 verstorbenen teutschen Schnftsteller, viii. 324-329, Leipsic, 1808; E. Heyden, in Archiv fur Frankfurts Geschichte und Kunst, iii (1865), 534-562.
LOENER, lfin'er, KASPAR: German reformer and poet; b. at Markt Erlbach, near Baireuth, 1493; d. at Nordlingen (39 m. n.w. of Augsburg) Jan. 6, 1546. He received his early education in the monastery of Heilsbronn, and in 1508 entered the University of Erfurt; while in 1520 he was assistant priest at Nesselbach, combining this office