THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
a general condition of faith and repentance. As to the first admission to communion, they usually require a formal ceremony of recognition of membership or the like; according to the rubric of the Anglican Prayer-book " none shall be admitted to the Holy Communion except he be confirmed, or be ready and desirous to be confirmed."
The original Lutheran and Calvinist types of administration have been noted above. The mode of administration in non-Episcopal churches in America and England is almost uni- 4. Practises form. The elements are consecrated Connected by prayer by the minister, who breaks with as much bread and pours out as much Adminis- wine as he deems sufficient. He retration. peats the words of institution; he then hands the elements for distribution to the elders or deacons, who serve him first and then pass to the other communicants sitting in their pews. In the Anglican Communion and also in many Lutheran churches the communicants kneel at the chancel rail. In the German Reformed Church they stand. On modern sanitary principles an agitation has recently been made in America for the introduction of individual communion cups, and the movement has slowly spread very widely. For communion in both kinds see Mass, II., 5.
Bibliography: On the general subject the works cited under Eucharist should be consulted, as also those under Traxsub.staxtiation'. On I. consult: The works cited in Biblical Introduction, II., especially those of Weiss and Beyschlag; J. G. Scheibel, Das Abendmahl des Herrn, Breslau, 1S23; D. Schulz, Die christliche Lehre vom Abendmahl nach dem Grundtext des N. T., ib. 1824; J. J. I. von Dollinger, Die Lehre von der Eucharistie in den drei ersten Jahrhunderten, Mainz, 1825; F. W. Lindner, Die Lehre vom Abendmahl nach der Schrift, Hamburg, 1831; K. F. A. Kahnis, Die Lehre vom Abendmahl, Leipsic, 1851; L. J. Riickert, Das Abendmahl, sein Wesen und seine Geschichte in der alien Kirche, ib. 1856; C. T. Keim, Geschichte Jesu von Nazara, iii. 266, Zurich, 1872, Eng. transl., 6 vols., London, 1875-82; H. Schultz, in TSK, 1886; P. Lobstein, La Doctrine de la sainte cene, Lausanne, 1889; Harnack, in TU, vii. 2, 1891; T. Zahn, Brot und Wein im Abendmahl der alien Kirche, Leipsic, 1892, cf. Harnack in TLZ, no. 15, 1892; A. Jiilicher, in Theologische Abhandlungen K. von Weizsacker gewidmet,
Freiburg, 1882; C. Weizsacker, Das apostolische Zeitalter, pp. 574 sqq., Freiburg, 1892, Eng. transl., The Apostolic Age, 2 vols., London, 1894-95; F. Spitta, Zur Geschichte und Literatur des Urchristentums, vol. i., Gottingen, 1893; E. Grafe, in Zeitschrift fur Theologie und Kirche, 1895, part 2, pp. 101-138; F. Schulten, Das Abendmahl im N. T., Gottingen, 1895; A. C. McGiffert, Hist, of Christianity in the Apostolic Age, pp. 68 sqq. et passim, New York, 1897; A. Eichhorn, Das Abendmahl im N. T., Leipsic, 1898; Schaff, Christian Church, i. 471-474; and the commentaries on the basal passages.
On II (history of the doctrine in the Church) consult: Harnack, Dogma, vols, i., ii., iv., v., vii. and, in general, the treatises on the history of doctrine; the works of Dollinger, Kahnis and Ruckert, ut sup.; F. C. Baur, in Tubinger Zeitschrift fur Theologie, 1839, pp. 56-144; J. H. A. Ebrard, Das Dogma vom heiligen Abendmahl und seine Geschichte, 2 vols., Frankfort, 1845—16; J. W. Nevin, The Mystical Presence; Vindication of the Reformed or Calrinistic Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist, Philadelphia, 1846; W. J. E. Bennett, The Eucharist; its Hist., Doctrine, and Practice, London, 1851; J. W. F. Honing, Die Lehre der altesten Kirche vom Opfer, Erlangen, 1851; R. Wilberforce, The Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist, London, 1853 (Anglican tractarian); A. W. Dieckhoff, Die evangelische Lehre im Reformationszeitalter, Gottingen, 1854; R. Halley, The Sacraments, part II., The Lord's Supper, London, 1855; P. Freeman, The Principles of Divine Service, 2 parts, London, 1855-62; E. Bickersteth, A Treatise on the Lord's Supper, ed. L. W. P. Balch, New
York, 1857; E. B. Pusey, The Real Presence of the Body and Blood of our Lord in the Holy Eucharist, Oxford, 1857; G. F. Maclear, The Witness of the Eucharist, London, 1864; G. E. Steitz, in Jahrbucher fur deutsche Theologie, ix (1864), 409-481, x (1865), 64-152, 399-463, xi (1865), 193-253, xii (1866), 211-286, xiii (1868), 3-66, 649-700; J. B. Dalgavins, The Holy Communion, its Philosophy, Theology and Practice, New York, 1868 (Roman Catholic); H. Schmid, Der Kampf der lutherischen Kirche urn Luthers Lehre vom Abendmahl im Reformationszeitalter, Leipsic, 1868; J. Harrison, Answer to Dr. Pusey's Challenge respecting the Doctrine of the Real Presence, 2 vols., London, 1871 (Anglican Low-church); J. Macknaught, Ccena Domini, ib. 1878 (on the doctrine of the Anglican Church); H. Schultz, Zur Lehre vom heiligen Abendmahl, Gotha, 1886; L. Lanzoni, The Names of the Eucharist, Dublin, 1887; J. P. Lilley, The Lord's Supper, its Origin, Nature an/I Use, Edinburgh, 1891; F. L. Renz, Opfercharakter der Eucharistie nach der Lehre der Vater der drei ersten Jahrhunderte, Paderborn, 1892; J. R. Milne, Doctrine and Practice of the Eucharist, London, 1895; J. Wilpert, Fractio panis. Die alteste Darstellung des eucharistischen Opfers in der " Capella Grceca," Freiburg, 1895; J. Smend, Die evangelischen deutschen Messen bis zu Luthers Deutscher Messe, Gottingen, 1896; J. Behringer, Die heilige Kommunion in ihren Wirkungen, Regensburg, 1898; A. Naegle, Die Eucharistielehre des . J. Chrysostomus, Freiburg, 1900; V. Schmitt, Die Verheissung der Eucharistie bei den Vatern, Wiirzburg, 1900; C. Gore, The Body of Christ; an Inquiry into the Institution and Doctrine of Holy Communion, London, 1901; W. Gotzmann, Das eucharistische Opfer nach der Lehre der altern Scholastik, Freiburg, 1901; A. G. Mortimer, Eucharistie Sacrifice; historical and theological Investigation of the sacrificial Conception in the Catholic Church,
London, 1901; R. M. Adamson, Christian Doctrine of the Lord's Supper, Edinburgh, 1905; J. C. Hedley, The Holy Eucharist, London, 1907.
On IV. consult: Sammlung liturgischer Formulare der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche, part 3, Nordlingen, 1842; A. L. Richter, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des 16. Jahrhunderts, Weimar, 1846; H. A. Daniel, Codex liturgicus, vols., ii.-iii., Leipsic, 1847-53; J. W. F. Hofling, Liturgisches Urkundenbuch, viii. 75 sqq., Schwerin, 1861; L. Schoberlein, Schatz des liturgischen Chor- und Gemeindegesangs, vol. i., Gottingen, 1865.
On V. consult: W. Vaux, The Benefits Attached to Participation in . the Lord's Supper, Oxford, 1826; A. N. Arnold, Prerequisites to Communion, Boston, 1860; T. W. Perry, Historical Considerations Relating to the Declaration on Kneeling in . . the . . Book of Common Prayer, London, 1863; F. Hall, Fasting Reception of the Blessed Sacrament, ib. 1882; J. W. Kempe, Reservation of the Blessed Sacrament, ib. 1887; R. Shiells, The Story of the Token as Belonging to . the Lord's Supper, New York, 1892; J. Hughes-Games, Evening Communion, London, 1894; R. V. Bury, Vinum sacramenti; critical Examination of the Nature of the Wine of the Holy Communion, Dublin, 1904; C. R. Davey Biggs, The Lord's Supper; Text of the (Anglican) Service Explained, Oxford, 1905; S. Phillips, The Communion of the Sick, London, 1905.
LORD'S TABLE. See Altak, III., 2, § 2.
LORETO, lo-re'to: The most famous place of pilgrimage in Italy, and the principal seat for that country of the devotion to the Virgin Mary. It is situated 14 m. s.e. of Ancona on the road to Fermo, and is celebrated for its possession of what is alleged to be the house of the Virgin, transported thither from Nazareth by angels. The legend, although its first mention in literature is found in Flavius Blondus about the middle of the fifteenth century, seems to have grown up at the end of the crusading period. In its developed form, as found in Baptista Mantuanus (1576) and on a tablet on the wall of the church cited by Matthias Bernegger in 1619, it asserts that this is the actual portion of the dwelling of Mary at Nazareth in which she was