RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Luther, Martin Lutherans
Carlsruhe, 1883; W. Rein, Leipsic, 1883, Eng. transl., New York, 1883; G. G. Evers, 6 vols., Mainz, 1883-91; T. Kolde, Gotha, 1884-93; J. von Dorneth, 3 vols., Hanover, 1886-89; P. Bayne, 2 vols., London, 1887; C. Mtiller, Munich, 1892; G. Freitag, Leipsic, 1901; M. Rade, 3 vols., Tubingen, 1901; G. Buchwald, Leipsic, 1902; T. M. Lindsay, Luther and the German Reformation, New York, 1903; A. Hausrath, 2 vols., Berlin, 1905; J. Dose, Dusseldorf, 1906; J. L. Nuelson, Cincinnati, 1906; and P. Bess, Unsere religiSsen Erzieher, vol. ii., Leipsic, 1908.
On various phases of Luther's activity consult: W. Beste, Dr. Martin Luthers Glaubenslehre, Halle, 1845; E. Jonas, Die Kanzelberedsamkeit Luthers, Berlin, 1852; C. H. Weisse, Die Christologie Luthers, Leipsic, 1852; T. Harnack, Luthers Theologie, 2 vols., Erlangen, 1862- 1886; C. E. Luthardt, Die Ethik Luthers, Leipsic, 1875; H. C. Monckeberg, Luthers Lehre von der Kirche, Hamburg, 1876; H. Hering, Die Mystik Luthers, Leipsic, 1879; S. Lommatzsch, Luthers Lehre, Berlin, 1879; Danneil, Luthers Geistliche Lieder, Frankfort, 1883; F. W. F. Kattenbusch, Luthers Stellung zu den bkumenischen Symbolen, Giessen, 1883; T. Kolde, Luther auf dem Reichstag zu
Worms, Halle, 1883; A. W. Dieckhoff, Luthers Lehre in ihrer ersten Gestalt, Rostock, 1887; G. Schleusner, Luther als Dichter, Wittenberg, 1892; E. Wagner, Luther als Padagog, Langensalza, 1892; E. Schafer, Luther als Kirchenhistoriker, Gutersloh, 1897; P. Frotscher, Luther und die Bauern, Leipsic, 1899; J. Kostlin, Luthers Theologie, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1901. For his share in Philip of Hesse's bigamous marriage, see W. W. Rockwell, Die Doppelehe des landgrafen Philipp von Hessen, Marburg, 1903, and literature under Philip op Hesse. In English the best book on Luther's hymns is The Hymns of Martin Luther set to their Original Melodies, with an English Version, ed. L. W. Bacon and N. H. Allen, New York, 1883 (contains Luther's four prefaces to his hymn-books and versions of all the hymns; cf. Julian, Hymnology, pp. 703-704 and references there to other pages where the hymns are annotated). On Luther as a translator of the Bible see Bible Versions, B, VII., | 3. For further discussions consult the works on the church history of the period, especially Schaff, Christian Church, vol. vi (where a good list of sources is given), and, in general, the literature under Reformation. A valuable review of recent Luther-literature is in Theologische Rundschau, Oct. and Dec, 1906.
1. State Churches in Europe. Name and History (§ 1). Creed and Theology (§ 2). Relation to the Reformed Church
(§3). Ritual and Worship (§ 4). Government (§ 5). II. Separate Lutherans. -1. In Prussia.
Scheibel at Breslau (§ 1). Movement Elsewhere Before 1840
(§2). Accession of Frederick William IV.
(§3). Schism of 1860 (§ 4).
2. Elsewhere.
LUTHERANS.
Churches in Hesse (§ 1). Churches in Hanover and Baden
(§ 2). Churches in Saxony (§ 3). III. Lutherans in America.
1. Early Settlements. Dutch Lutherans (§1). Swedish Lutherans (§ 2). German Lutherans (§3).
2. Organization Under Muhlenberg. Preliminary Labors (§1). Character of the Organization
(§2).
3. Period of Deterioration, 1787-1820. Effects of Rationalism (§ 1). Change in Language (§ 2).
4. The General Synod. Organization and Purpose (§1). Dissentient Movements (§ 2).
5. Confessional Lutherans in the West. The Synod of Missouri (§ 1).
The Buffalo Synod (§ 2). The Iowa Synod (§3). The Joint Synod of Ohio (§ 4). The Synodical Conference (§ 5).
6. The Scandinavian Lutherans. The Swedes. Augustana Synod
(§ 1). The Norwegians (§ 2). Other Scandinavians (§ 3).
7. The Lutherans in the South.
8. The General Council.
~ I. State Churches in Europe : The Lutheran Church in Europe is the oldest and probably the largest of the Evangelical denominations which sprang from the Reformation of the sixteenth century. It was named after the great leader, first, in derision, by Roman Catholics, then by the followers of Luther, though he protested
I. Name against a sectarian use of his name, and Its usual title is " Evangelical Lu-
History. theran Church." In Prussia and other countries of Germany where the union between Lutherans and Reformed has been introduced (since 1817), the name " Lutheran " has been abandoned as a church title for " Evangelical " or "Evangelical United." This Church has its home in Germany, where it outnumbers all other Protestant denominations, and in Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Norway), where it is the established or national Church. It extends to the Baltic provinces of Russia, and follows the German emigration and the German language to other countries, especially to the United States, where it is now one of the strongest denominations (see below, III.). The total membership, including ah branches, is estimated at about sixty millions, j Its history may be divided into five periods: (1) The pentecostal or formative period of the Reformation, from the promulgation of Luther's ninety-five theses in 1517 to the publication of the " Book of Concord " in 158(Lj (2) jThe period of polemical orthodoxy, in which the doctrinal system of the church was
scholastically defined and analyzed in opposition to Romanism, Calvinism, and the milder and more liberal Melanchthonian type of LutheranismL(as represented by Calixtus), 1580-1689. (3)"JThe period of Pietism (Spener, d. 1705; and Frahcke, d. 1727), or a revival of practical piety in conflict with dead orthodoxy, from 1689 (when Francke began his Collegia philobiblica in Halle) to the middle of the eighteenth century. The Pietistic movement is analogous to the Methodist revival in the Church of England, but kept within the limits of the Lutheran state churches and did not result in secession.,' (4)! The period of rationalism, which gradually invaded the universities, pulpits, and highest judicatories, and effected a/complete revolution in theology and church life to such an extent that the few Moravian communities were for some time almost the only places of refuge for genuine piety in Germany. (5) The period of revival of Evangelical theology and religion at the third centennial celebration of the Reformation, and the publication of Claus Harm's ninety-five theses against the rationalistic apostasy (1817). In the same year Prussia took the lead in the union movement which brought the Lutheran and Reformed confessions under one system of government, but called forth the " Old Lutheran " reaction and secession (see Union, Ecclesiastical). Since then there has been a constant conflict between Evangelical and rationalistic tendencies in the Lutheran and the United Evangelical Churches of Germany.
Lutherans