THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
harshly, especially by Peter Stuyvesant, the general director. Their children had to be brought to Calvinistic preachers for baptism, and they 1. Dutch were forced to accept the doctrines of Lutherans, the Synod of Dort. The Lutherans were fined and imprisoned even for holding informal services for the reading of the Word of God. They applied to the directors of the Dutch West India Company in Holland for better treatment and to the Lutheran consistory in Amsterdam for a faithful Lutheran pastor. The Rev. John Ernest Goetwater arrived on June 6, 1657, in America, but through the influence of the Calvinistic preachers Megalopolensis and Drisius was forbidden to exercise his ministry and forced to return to Europe. When New Amsterdam was captured by the British in 1664 the Lutherans secured fneedom in matter's of worship and discipline. In the year 1669 Jacob Fabricius had been sent over from Holland, but his ministry in New York was a disappointment. He was succeeded by Bernhard Anton Arensius (1671-91) who also served the Lutherans at Albany. As no additional preachers could be obtained from Amsterdam, the New York Lutherans (1701) applied to the Lutheran Swedes on the Delaware, who sent Andreas Rudman (July, 1702). He recommended as his successor Justus Falckner (born 1672 in Saxony) who was ordained for the Lutheran ministry by Rudman, Bjoerk, and Sandel in the Swedish Church at Philadelphia in Nov., 1703 — a German, ordained by Swedes to serve a Dutch congregation in America! His parish included the territory from New York to Albany on both sides of the Hudson and on Long Island. After his death, 1723, the Lutheran Consistory of Amsterdam at the request of the New York congregation sent as his successor in 1725 Wilhelm Christoph Berkenmeyer (born 1686 in Ltineburg, died 1751) a man of great energy and the strictest adherence to the Lutheran Confessions. Under his pastorate and that of his successor Michael Knoll the transition was made in the Lutheran congregations in New York from the Dutch to the German and English languages.
Through William Usselinx of Antwerp the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus had been sufficiently interested in the New World to grant a charter to the " South Company " in Stockholm (June 14, 1626) which, inaddition to its work of colonization, wasfffom the very beginning, to un- 2. Swedish dertakejthe propagation of the_Gospel Lutherans, on this Western Continent.- After the death of the king his great chancellor Oxenstierna continued to work for the realization of the plan. Peter Minuit, general director of New Netherlands, joined in the Swedish enterprise and sailed two Swedish vessels into the Delaware river (1638) where Fort Christina was built and an extensive territory was purchased from the Iroquois Indians. Reorus Torkillus was the first Lutheran pastor in New Sweden (died 1643). He was succeeded by John Campanius, who had arrived with Governor Johan Printz. He consecrated the first Lutheran church in the new world, on the island of Tinicum, near Philadelphia. He also translated Luther's Smaller Catechism into the language of
the Indians. He returned to Sweden in May, 1648, where he died in 1683. When the Dutch took possession of New Sweden, the adherents of the Augsburg Confession obtained the guaranty of their religious liberties (1655). This was also secured to them when the British occupied New Sweden (1674). During the last quarter of the seventeenth century the Swedish Lutherans on the Delaware were much neglected, until King Charles IX. sent them such pastors as Rudman, Erik Bjoerk, and Jonas Auren. These were followed by other godly men, such as Karl Magnus Wrangel, whose name occurs again in the history of the German Lutherans, and Israel Acrelius, author of the History of New Sweden (English by Dr. W. M. Reynolds, Philadelphia, 1874). All these pastors sent over from Sweden were salaried by the king and, as a rule, returned to their native church after a few years of American service. The last among them, Nils Collin, arrived in America in 1771. Under him the union with the Swedish mother church was formally dissolved. He took Episcopal ministers for his assistants and thus opened the way for the use by these Swedish Lutherjm_JIImrGhes~e£-4h^-Eng; 1lg>1 lflinniftfT0 an(i their transition into the communion of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He died in 1831.
William Penn had visited Germany in 1671 and 1677 with a view to obtaining settlers for his young American colony, Pennsylvania. It was not the interest of trade and commerce, as in the case of the Dutch, nor the colonial policy of far-seeing statesmen, as in the case of the Swedes, that brought the German immigration to America, S. German but foremost the desire of unlimited Lutherans, freedom of worship, and the insecurity of life and property under the constant raids of their French neighbors from which particularly the Palatinate had to suffer. Thejkgt Gennan__colony, under the leadership of Frank Pastorius, arrived in 1683 and founded Germantown, now a part of Philadelphia. These first immigrants, however, consisted mostly of separatistic elements. There was one isolated German Lutheran congregation in New Hanover, some thirty-five miles from Philadelphia, whose origin can be traced as far back as 1703. With the beginning of the eighteenth century the German immigration assumed larger dimensions. Lutherans and Reformed crossed the ocean in considerable numbers, and there are now more regularity and vitality in the newly established Lutheran congregations. A number of Lutheran immigrants under Pastor Joshua Kocherthal (d. 1719) from Landau (Palatinate) arrived in 1709 in New York and settled on the Hudson above West Point. There they founded the town of Newburg, for which they had received a grant of 2,200 acres of land, 500 of which were to be devoted to church purposes. During the summer of 1709 Kocherthal returned to England to obtain additional favors and privileges for his colonists. Of the thousands of German emigrants from the Palatinate, Alsace, and Wiirttemberg, that had been kept by the British government on " Black Heath," about 3,000 were brought to America in 1710, where they settled on both shores of the Hudson river at the