RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Mande
Mani, Manicheans
compatibility of the teachings of the ancient philosophers with Christian dogma.
Manegold of Lautenbach has often been confused with the philosopher Manegold (Histoire litteraire de la France, ix. 280-290, Paris, 1750), who probably likewise came from Alsace, and gained much renown as a teacher in France between 1070 and 1090. Carl Mihbt.
Bibliography: W. von Giesebrecht, in Sitzungsberichte der Munchener Akademie, 1868, ii. 297-330; N. Paulus, in Revue catholique d'Alsace, 1886, pp. 209-221, 279-289, 337-345; W. Martens, Gregor VII., Leipsic, 1894; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., passim, ib. 1894; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich IV und V., vol. iii., ib. 1900; J. A. Endres, in Historisch-politische Blatter, cxxvii (1901), 389-401, 486-495; G. Koch, Manegold von Lautenbach, Berlin, 1902; KL, viii. 597-598.
MANETHO: Egyptian historian. He was probably a native of Sebennytus, chief town of the nome of that name, flourished in the third century B.C., during the reign of Ptolemy Soter and possibly of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and was a priest of On (Heliopolis). He wrote in Greek for the temple archives an " Epitome of Things Physical," on Egyptian philosophy and theology, and what is cited by Josephus {Ant. I., iii. 9) as " Egyptian History." Only fragments of these works are extant, in citations. Of the " Epitome " the most extensive fragments are in Plutarch's De Iside et Osiri (chaps, viii., ix., xlix., lxii., lxxiii.). Of the " History " the most important fragment is a catalogue of the kings of Egypt of dynasties I.-XXX. (Menes-Nectanebo II.), preserved in part in Julius Africanus and Eusebius. The fragments have been collected in C. and T. M tiller, Fragmenta historicorum Grcecorum, vol. ii (Paris, 1848).
Bibliography: F. J. Lauth, Manetho und der Turiner Konigspapyrus, Munich, 1865; G. F. Unger, Chronologie des Manetho, Berlin, 1867; J. Krall, Composition und Schicksale des manethonischen Geschichtswerkes, Vienna, 1879.
MANGOLD, WILHELM JULIUS: German Lutheran; b. at Cassel Nov. 20, 1825; d. at Bonn Mar. 1, 1890. He entered the University of Halle in 1845 ; later he spent a year and a half at Marburg, and so distinguished himself here that in the autumn of 1848 he was urged by his examiners to embrace an academic career. Until Sept., 1849, he devoted himself at Gottingen to ecclesiastical history, and in the following year served with suc-
cess as private tutor to two sons of the elector. On Thiersch's retirement Mangold chose the vacant department of New-Testament theology in place of ecclesiastical history. Having acquired a considerable reputation both as teacher and author, he received in 1863 a call to Vienna, from the Evangelical faculty of theology there, but at the same time, in spite of the intrigues of his adversaries, he was at last, by command of the elector, appointed regular professor of theology at Marburg. Here, besides his constant application to his specialty of Biblical instruction, and to his other university duties, including the rector's office, which he filled in 1869- 1870, he took much interest in the Reformed congregation at Marburg and in the extraordinary Hessian Synod, in whose behalf he labored as a member of the Prussian House of Deputies. His call to Bonn in 1872 was due to the minister Falk. Here he labored indefatigably and successfully for over seventeen years, in the spirit of his chosen motto, " Speaking the truth in love." He was largely influenced by his teacher and veteran colleague, Ernst Henke, his memorial tribute to whom (Marburg, 1879) clearly reflects his own theological attitude. Although he fully understood honest orthodox zeal and was patient with ignorance, he had abundant occasion in Bonn for decided opposition to arbitrary traditionalism. However, he soon became one of the best loved teachers of the university, which in 1876-77 elected him rector.
Omitting his numerous minor works, of which a complete list is given in the Protestantische Kirchenzeitung for 1890, no. 17, it is necessary to mention here the following larger books: Die Irrlehrer der Pastoralbriefe (Marburg, 1856); Der Romerbrief und die Anfdnge der romischen Gemeinde (1866); and an independent work, not merely a recasting of the last-named work, Der Romerbrief und seine geschichtlichen Voraussetzungen (1884). He was also widely known for his two greatly enlarged new editions of his predecessor Friedrich Bleek's Einleitung in das Neue Testament (Berlin, 1875; 1886). He left Bleek's text as it stood, but amplified it by excellent supplements, thereby prolonging the usefulness of Bleek's remarkable work by coordinating it with the progressive development of New-Testament scholarship. A. Kamfhatjsen. Bibliography: Protestantische Kirchenzeitung, 1890, no. 17.
The Religion Characterized (§11. Mani's Origin; Legendary Accretions (§ 2). Mani's Life (§ 3). Manichean Cosmogony (§ 4). Commingling of Light and Darkness (§ 5).
When Christianity had won its fight and been declared in the fourth century the State religion, its doctrines had been in conflict with many opposing forms of belief. But its doughtiest opponent was not the decrepit faith in the gods of Greece and Rome. A more dangerous foe was found in ancient philosophy, especially in its latest form of Neoplatonism, which strove for spiritual control of the world and combined the theoretical with the practical. The one lack of Neoplatonism was a per-