RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Maronites Marquette
rf the Psalms from the Latin version of Vatable, thus rendering a valuable service to the French Protestant 3hurches, which were in need of a hymn-book. The drst Calvinistic hymn-book (Strasburg, 1539) contains eighteen psalms, twelve of which are Marot's. [n 1542 he published thirty psalms with a dedication to the king; but the general adoption of them by the Protestants compelled him once more to seek safety in flight, reaching Geneva at the end of the year and remaining there a twelvemonth. Calvin induced him to translate twenty more psalms, which he published with the others in 1543, under the title Cinquante pseaumes. He was unable, however, to submit to the ecclesiastical discipline of Geneva, and went to Turin. His version of the Psalms is accurate and renders admirably the beauties of the Hebrew text. Its success was remarkable. In 1562 the French Protestant hymn-book was completed by the addition of 101 psalms translated by Beza to forty-nine of Marot's. Between 1562 and 1565 not less than sixty-two editions were printed; and it was ultimately translated into twenty-two languages. Eugene Choisy.
Bibliography: The one edition of the (Euvres to be consulted is by G. Guiffrey, vols, ii.-iii., Paris, 1875-81. Consult: F. Bovet, Hist, du psautier des eglises reformers, Paris, 1872; O. Douen, Clement Marot el le psautier huguenot, 2 vols., ib. 1878-79 (cf. T. Dufour, in Revue critique, Jan. 31 and Feb. 7, 1881); E. Doumergue, Jean Calvin, i. 233 sqq., 585 sqq., Lausanne, 1899. Consult also: Julian, Hymnology, p. 714; Lichtenberger, ESR, viii. 734-737.
MARPRELATE TRACTS: A series of seven publications which appeared in England under the pseudonym of " Martin Marp relate, Gentleman," between Nov. or Dec, 1588, and July, 1589. They were violent attacks upon the Church, episcopacy, and certain bishops in particular, impudent, personal, and scurrilous in passages, so that they were not approved even by the Puritans; but their keen and apt if somewhat broad and vulgar wit, their logical argument, and their evident sincerity made them effective for the ends for which they were intended. Their success occasioned numerous imitations and more numerous and ponderous replies, giving rise altogether to " the greatest religious controversy of Elizabeth's reign." The tracts were printed surreptitiously, at first at East Moulsey (opposite Hampton Court), Surrey, afterward at hiding-places in Northamptonshire and Warwickshire. Extraordinary but unsuccessful efforts were made by the authorities to discover the author. It was suspected at the time, and has oeen generally believed since, that they were written oy the Welshman John Penry (q.v.). Dr. Dexter's argument for Henry Barrow is not conclusive. It was Penry beyond question who superintended the printing and distribution. He had more or less help and encouragement from John Udall (q.v.) ; Job Throckmorton, a country gentleman of Hasely, Warwickshire; Robert Waldegrave, a London printer; Sir Richard Knightly, a Puritan squire of Fawsley, Northamptonshire; John Hales, of Coventry; and Robert Wigston, of Wolston, Warwickshire.
The titles of the tracts are very long; abridged they are: (1) An Epistle; (2) An Epitome; (3) Certain Mineral Conclusions; (4) Ha y' any Worke for
Cooper f (5) The Protestation; (6) Theses Martiniance or Martin Junior; (7) The Censure of Martin Junior. Nos. 1, 2, and 4, with An Admonition to the People of England by Thomas Cooper, bishop of Winchester, prepared in reply to the Epistle, and two other anti-Martin publications, were reprinted with introductions and notes by John Petheram under the title of Puritan Discipline Tracts (London, 1843-47). Udall 's Diotrephes, the Epistle, and Cooper's Admonition were reprinted with introductions by Edward Arber in the English Scholar's Library (London, 1879-82).
Bibliography: W. Maskell, A History of the Marprelate Controversy, London, 1845; M. Dexter, Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years, pp. 131-202, New York, 1880; E. Arber, An Introductory Sketch to the Martin Marprelate Controversy, English Scholar's Library, no. 8, London, 1879; W. Law, Defence of Church Principles, 2d ed., ib. 1894; idem, Wholly for God the Christian Life, with Introduction, ib. 1894; G. H. Curteis, Dissent in its Relation to the Church of England, p. 76, ib. 1897; J. H. Overton, The Church in England, i. 474-476, ib. 1897; W. H. Frere, The English Church (1668-1626), pp. 249- 254, ib. 1904; W. Pierce, An Historical Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts; a Chapter in the Evolution of religious and civil Liberty in England, New York, 1909.
MARQUARDT, JULIUS: German Roman Catholic; b. at Plasswich (37 m. s.w. of Konigsberg), East Prussia, Mar. 24, 1849. He was educated at the Lyceum of Braunsberg and the universities of Milnster (lie. theol., 1874), Wurzburg, and Munich. In 1874 he became privat-docent at Braunsberg, where he was appointed associate professor of moral theology in 1878 and promoted to a full professorship of the same subject in 1882. He became a canon of Frauenburg in 1900 and since 1903 has been honorary professor of moral theology at Braunsberg. In addition to a number of briefer contributions, he has written Cyrillus Hierosolymitanus baptismi, chrismatis, eucharistim mysteriorum inlerpres (Leipsic, 1882).
MARQUETTE, JACQUES: Roman Catholic missionary and explorer and discoverer of the Mississippi; b. at Laon (87 m. n.e. of Paris), France, in 1637; d. in Michigan near the Marquette River May 18, 1675. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1654; became priest in 1666, and the same year went to Canada, taking up his residence among the Algonquin and Huron Indians and studying their languages; in 1668 he went to Lake Superior to Sault Sainte Marie, renewing there the abandoned mission first established in 1641, where he built a church and made many converts; later he moved to La Pointe du St. Esprit, and then in 1671 to Mackinaw, where he founded the mission of St. Ignatius; in 1673 he joined the expedition of Louis Joliet, keeping a diary which is of permanent interest (Voyage et decouverte de quelques pays et nations de I'Amirique Septemtrionale, printed often, e.g., in M. Thevenot, Recueil de voyages, Paris, 1681; Eng. transl. in J. G. Shea, Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi, New York, 1852) ; in 1674 he started to establish a mission, under orders, in Illinois, but was taken ill on the way, and did not reach Kaskaskia until the following spring, where he accomplished his object; the following year he set out for Mackinaw, being compelled by illness to leave Kas-
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