THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
urged a rigid observance both of context and of syntax. (G. Laubmann.)
Bibliography: D. Tassin, Hist, litteraire de la congregation de Saint-Maur, pp. 3S2-397, Brussels, 1770; J. B. Vanel, Les BenSdictins de Saint-Maur 1630-1792, pp. 112-115, Paris, 1896; Lichtenberger, ESR, viii. 743-744; KL, viii. 914-916.
MARTIGNY, mor"ti"nyi', JOSEPH ALEX- ANDRE: French Roman Catholic; b. at Sauverny (S m. n. of Geneva) Apr. 22, 1808; d. at Bage-le- Chatel (60 m. w. of Geneva) Aug. 18, 1880. Ordained priest in 1832, he served at a village near Belley, and was then archpriest of Bag6-le-Chatel from 1849 to 1S80, also titular canon of the cathedral of Belley. He was noted for his archeological researches, the results of which he embodied in his greatest work, the Dictionnaire des antiquities chretiennes (Paris, 1865; 2d ed., 1877), now undergoing reconstruction as Dictionnaire d'archeologie chretienne et liturgie (ed. F. Cabrol, 1903 sqq.).
MARTIN: The name of five popes.
Martin I.: Pope 649-653. He came originally from Tubertinum (Todi) in Umbria. Before ascending the papal throne as successor to Theodore I., in July, 649, he was apocrisiary, or papal envoy, in Constantinople. His ordination was solemnized without the approval of Emperor Constans II. Further, in Oct., 649, at the Lateran Synod, Martin condemned the Monothelite doctrine, together with the imperial edict (Typos) forbidding further controversy on the subject (see Monothelites) . The emperor now ordered Olympius, exarch of Ravenna, to proceed to Rome and seize the pope; but for some reason or other Olympius failed to execute this commission. Probably he hoped for support from the pope in connection with his treasonable designs of founding an Italian kingdom independent of Byzantium. On the death of Olympius, the Exarch Kalliopa proceeded with greater energy. In the night of June 17-18, 653, he caused the pope to be seized in the Church of the Lateran, and carried captive to Constantinople. According to the usual acceptation, he was first detained a year or so on the Island of Naxos, and reached Constantinople not before Sept. 17, 654. But possibly (cf. E. Michael in ZKT, xvi. 1892, pp. 375-380) he reached there in the autumn of 653. In the face of a brutal arraignment Martin exhibited an extraordinary firmness of character. It appears that he escaped the penalty of quartering, with which he was threatened, through the intercession of Patriarch Paul of Constantinople. On Mar. 26, 655 (or 654), Martin was conveyed to Cherson in the Crimea, where he died on Sept. 16 of the same year. The Greek Church venerates him as confessor on Apr. 11, the Church of Rome as martyr on Nov. 12. G. Kruger.
Bibliography: The letters are collected in Mansi, Concilia, x. 785-853, 1170-88, and in MPL, lxxxvii. 119-204, cf. Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 230-234. The Commemoratio corum gum acta sunt . . . in . . . Martinum papam, is also in Mansi, x. 853-864. Consult: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. L. Duchesne, i. 336-340, Paris, 1886, ed. T. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 181-184; J. Langen, Geschichte der rbmischen Kirche, vol. i., Bonn, 1885; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, ii. 144-149, London, 1894; Mann, Popes, i. 385-405; Hefele, Concilienge-
schichte, iii. 212-239, Eng. transl., v. 97 sqq.; Bower, Popes, i. 446-450; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 276- 280; Platina, Popes, i. 153-155; DCB, iii. 848-857.
Martin II. See Marinus I. Martin III. See Marinus II. Martin IV.: Pope 1281-1285. Simon de Brion, of a family in Touraine, had already held ecclesiastical positions at Rouen, later at Tours, when he was appointed chancellor of France by Louis IX. in 1260 and created a cardinal by Urban IV. in 1261. As papal legate in France he conducted the negotiations with Charles of Anjou concerning the assumption of the Sicilian crown; and it was due to the influence of Charles that the conclave at Viterbo, after the death of Nicholas III., unanimously elected Cardinal Simon pope on Feb. 22, 1281. In honor of Saint Martin of Tours, Simon adopted the name of Martin. His pontificate was entirely subservient to the policy of France. After his coronation at Orvieto Mar. 22, 1281 (for the Romans would not receive him within their walls), Martin bestowed on Charles of Anjou the office of a Roman senator, and sought at the same time, with the Sicilian king's assistance, to take possession of the Romagna. The complete dependence of Martin IV. on Charles of Anjou became evident when the pope, in deference to the king's desires and aims toward the sovereignty of Greece, fulminated excommunication against Emperor Michael Palaeologus. In the strife that broke out between the Greek emperor and the king of Sicily, the pope supported the latter to the extent of a six years' loan of the Church tithes accruing from Sardinia. But scarcely had he taken this step when Charles of Anjou's dominion over Sicily was terminated by the Sicilian vespers, Mar. 31, 1282. The consequent insurrection in Rome led to the deposition of Charles of Anjou as senator, and to the election of a tribune of the republic; and Martin, who sojourned at Orvieto, was obliged to make prompt acknowledgment of these decisions. Martin died Mar. 28, 1285. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Sources are: Les Registres de Martin IV., in Bibliotheque des ecoles francaises d'Athenes et de Rome, 2 ser., vol. xvi., Paris, 1901 sqq.; F. F. Bohmer, Regesta imperii, vi. 1, ed. O. Redlich, Innsbruck, 1898; A. Potthast, Regesta pontiflcum Romanorum, pp. 1756-95, Berlin, 1874; Mitteilungen aus dem vatikanischen Archive, vol. i., ed. F. Kaltenbrunner, vol. ii., ed. O. Redlich, Vienna, 1889-94; Martini Oppaviensis chronicon pontiflcum et imperatorum, continuatio , ed. L. Weiland in MGH,
Script, xx (1868), 477 sqq.; and the early life to be found in L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum scriptores, iii. 1, pp. 608-610, 25 vols, Milan, 1723-51. Consult: F. Gregorovius, Hist, of (he City of Rome, v. 492-501, London, 1897; H. C. Lea, Hist, of the Inquisition, i. 89, 525, ii. 121, 248, iii. 190, 196, New York, 1906; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi. 209 sqq.; Bower, Popes, iii. 29-34; Milman, Latin Christianity, vi. 143-171; Platina, Popes, ii. 111- 114. A full list of scattered references is given in Hauck- Herzog, RE, xii. 381.
Martin V.: Pope 1417-31. Oddo Colonna was born probably at Genazzano (26 m. e. of Rome) in 1368. He was educated at the University of Perugia and became prothonotary under Urban \ I. In 1405 Innocent VII. made him cardinal deacon of St. George in Velabro. Under Gregory XIII. ho left his Roman obedience, took part in the Council of Pisa and became an adherent of John XXIII. On Nov. 11, 1417, at the Council of Constance (q.v.),