RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Mason Mass
collect and arrange all the material accessible to him in manuscripts, the complexity of which task only the most expert can appreciate. Masorah The results are employed in the second Parva, of Daniel Bomberg's Bibles (4 vols., Magna, and Venice, 1524-25), and the text of the Marginalis. Masorah given there, practically reproduced as it is in the later rabbinic Bibles, must in spite of its incompleteness and gaps be considered the textus receptus of the Masorah. The Masorah is distinguished into Masorah parva and magna (together called Masorah marginalis). In rabbinic Bibles text and Targum are printed in parallel columns, between which stands the Masorah parva, which concerns the Keri and gives the number of occurrences of a form. Above and below the text stands the Masorah magna, which contains references to the parva and general matters such as concordances of words which have certain peculiarities. At the end of the fourth volume is the Masorah finalis, a kind of lexicon in alphabetical order containing also references to the Masorah marginalis and statements of differences between Ben Asher and Ben Naphthali and between Oriental and Occidental readings. This is practically the arrangement of the manuscripts, though there are differences both of content and of order. That the eastern or Babylonian Jews differed in their text from the western or Palestinian Jews was known in early times only through Jacob ben Hayyim's list of 216 variants. It is now known that variations exist in the Pentateuch and concern vowels and accents, that they show differences from the Masoretic tradition, and that the Orientals were not in entire agreement with each other. See Bible Text, I., 1-2. (H. L. Strack.)
Bibliography: References to the earlier literature are given in Hauck-Herzog, RE, xii. 393 sqq. On the introduction to the Masorah the best single work is C. D. Ginsburg, Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition
of the Hebrew Bible, pp. 1-468, London, 1897. Helpful studies are: A. Geiger, in Judische Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaft und Leben, iii (1864-65), 78-118; E. le Savoureux, Etudes historiques et exegetiques sur I'A. T., pp. 191— 224, Paris, 1887; I. Harris, in JQR, i (1889), 128-142, 223-257; W. Bacher, in Winter and Wunsche, Die judische Litteratur, ii. 121-132, Treves, 1894; idem, in JQR, iii (1891), 785-790. Elias Levita's work, Sepher massoreth ha-massoreth was published, Venice, 1536, Basel, 1539, cf. C. D. Ginsburg, The Massoreth ha-massoreth of Elias Levita, . . in Hebrew with Eng. transl, and Notes,
London, 1867; idem, The Massorah Compiled from MSS. alphabetically and lexically Arranged, vols, i.— iii., London, 1880-85. On the Syrian punctuation consult: J. P. Martin, Histoire de la ponctuation ou de la Massore chez les Syriens, Paris, 1875; A. Merx, Hist, artis grammaticce apud Syros, Leipsic, 1882; G. Diettrich, Die Massorah der dstlichen und westlichen Syrer, London, 1899. On punctuation in general consult M. Schwab, Des pointsvoyelles dans les langues semitiques, Paris, 1879. On the supralinear system consult: F. Prtetorius, in ZDMG, liii (1899), 181-196; G. Margoliouth, in PSBA, 1893, pp. 164-205. On a third system read: C. Levias, in American Journal for Semitic Language and Literature, xv (1898-99), 157-164; and P. Kahle, in ZATW, 1901, pp. 273-317. On the accents: A. Biichler, Untersuchung zur Entstehung und Entwickelung der hebraischen Accente, Vienna, 1891; W. Wickes, Treatise on the Accentuation of the . Poetical Books of the O. T., . . and of the . . . Prose Books, 2 vols., Oxford, 1881-87; F. Praetorius, Ueber die Herkunft der hebraischen Accente, Berlin, 1901; P. Kahle, in ZDMG, 1901, pp. 167-194.
For discussion of points touched on in the text consult: Zunz, Zur Geschichte und Litteratur, pp. 105-122, Berlin, 1845 (on the punctuators); S. Pinsker, Einleitung in das babylonisch-hebraische Punktationssystem, Vienna, 1863, and H. L. Strack, in G. A. Kohut, Semitic Studies, pp. 560-572, Berlin, 1897 (on the eastern Masorah); S. Frensdorff, Das Buch Ochlah W'ochlah, Hanover; C. D. Ginsburg, Jacob ben Chajim ibn Adonijah's Introduction to the Rabbinic Bible, Hebrew and English, with Explanatory Notes, London, 1867; L. Low, Graphische Requisiten und Erzeugnisse bei den Juden, p. 71, Leipsic, 1870 (on the care exercised on the text); the tract Sopherim was edited by Joel Muller, Leipsic, 1878; H. T. de Graaf, De Joodschewetgeleerdenin Tiberias 70-400 A.D., Groningen, 1902 (on Jewish learning in Tiberias); P. Kahle, Der masoretische Text des A. T.'s nach der Ueberlieferung der babylonischen Juden, Leipsic, 1902.
MASORETIC TEXT. See Bible Text, I.
I. The Doctrine.
1. The Name " Mass." Etymology and Meaning (§1).
2. New Testament and Early Catholic
Ideas. The New Testament (§ 1). Further Development (§ 2). The Sources (§ 3).
3. Patristic Teachings. Cyprian and Origen (§1). Ambrose and Augustine (§ 2). Gregory the Great (§ 3). The East (§ 4). Chrysostom (§ 5).
4. Medieval Theories.
I. The Doctrine.— 1. The Name "Mass": The Bubject of consideration is the history of the idea of sacrifice as an element of Christian worship — an idea connected specially with the name " mass," given to the ceremony which the Roman Church in other connection calls " communion " and the Greek Church calls leitourgia (earlier koindnia and synaxis) . The Greek Church also imports the idea of sacrifice, but less absolutely than the Roman. Neither Church has forgotten the name " Eucharist," but ft serves more as a dogmatic than as the cultic
Thomas
MASS.
Practical Factors (§1). Scholastic Dogmaticians,
Aquinas (§ 2). 5. The Council of Trent and Neoscho-
lastic and Modern Speculations. The Council of Trent (§ 1). Bellarmine (§ 2). Neoscholasticism (§ 3) Later and Present Theories (§ 4). II. The Liturgy. 1. Development of the Roman Mass to
Gregory I. The First Three Centuries (§1). The Fourth and Fifth Centuries (§ 2). The Sources (§ 3).
Of
2. Liturgies Outside of Rome. General Character and Relations (§1). The Sources (§ 2).
3. The Supplanting of the non- Roman Liturgies by the Roman.
Africa, Spain, Milan and Great Britain (§ 1). France and Germany (§ 2).
4. The Development of the Roman Mass after Gregory I.
Certain Additions (§1). The Roman Missal (§ 2).
5. The Withholding of the Cup.
6. Kinds of Masses.
7. Modern Procedure in the Mass.
the mystery. Roman Catholic theology distinguishes between the " Eucharist as sacrament " and the " Eucharist as sacrifice." The following discussion of the doctrine of the mass should be compared with the articles Lord's Supper and Transubstantiation; special articles like Epiklesis, Kiss of Peace, etc., may also be consulted.
The English " mass " comes from the Latin missa. How early the latter was used to designate the eucharistic sacrifice is uncertain, The first to re-
designation
Mass