RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Memphis Menius
salem, oder uber religiose Macht und Judenthum (2 parts, 1783; Eng. transl., Jerusalem, a Treatise on Ecclesiastical Authority and Judaism, 2 vols., London, 1838); and a commentary on Canticles (1772). He also translated the Pentateuch (1783), and the Psalms (1788). The most complete edition of his works is that by his grandson G. B. Mendelssohn (7 vols., Berlin, 1843-45); his philosophical writings were edited by M. Brasch (2 vols., Leipsic, 1880).
Bibliography: S. Hensel, Die Familie Mendelssohn, 9th ed., 1898, Eng. transl., London, 1882; M. Samuels, Memoirs of Moses Mendelssohn, London, 1825; J. H. Ritter, Mendelssohn und Lessing, Berlin, 1886; M. Kayserling, Moses Mendelssohn, Leipsic, 1888; JE., viii. 479-485. An excellent bibliography is furnished in J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, iii. 1, pp. 369-370, New York, 1905.
MENDES, FREDERICK DE SOLA: Jewish rabbi; b. at Montego Bay, Jamaica, July 8, 1850. He was educated at Northwick College (1865-68), the University of London (1868-70; B.A., 1869), and the university and Jewish theological seminary of Breslau (1870-73; Ph.D., Jena, 1871). On returning to England, he became rabbi of Great St. Helen's Synagogue, London, in 1873, but within the year accepted a call to the rabbinate of Congregation Shaaray Tefillah (now West End Synagogue), New York City, of which he is still the head. In 1879 he was one of the founders of The American Hebrew, which he edited until 1885. In 1900-02 he was likewise associated with the editorial staff of The Jewish Encyclopedia, and in 1903 edited the Jewish Menorah. He is one of the collaborators in the revision of a new Jewish translation of the Bible, and besides translating the " Jewish Family Papers: Letters of a Missionary " of Gustav Meinhardt (the pseudonym of W Herzberg; New York, 1875), has written Defense, not Defiance; A Hebrew's Reply to the Missionaries (1876); Child's First Bible (1879); and Outlines of Bible History (1886).
MENDICANT MONKS, MENDICANT ORDERS
(Ordines mendicantium) : Those monastic orders which renounce on principle established income and live by the solicitation of alms; such as the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians, Carmelites, and Servites (qq.v.).
MENEGOZ, me"ne"goz', EUGENE: French Protestant; b. at Algolsheim (a village near Breisach, 40 m. s.s.w. of Strasburg), Alsace, Sept. 25, 1838. He was educated at the gymnasium of Strasburg and the faculty of Protestant theology in the same city. After being subdirector of the preparatory school of Lutheran theology in Paris for four months in 1866, he was assistant pastor of the Eglise des Billettes, Paris, until 1877- Since the latter year he has been professor at the faculty of Protestant theology, Paris, and director of the seminary of the same faculty. He was likewise a member of the Council of the University of Paris in 1895-1906 and of the Upper Council of Public Instruction in 1901-05. In theology he is a " symbolo-fideiste," seeking " a middle way between rationalism and orthodoxy." He has written Etude dogmatique sur Videe de V eglise (Strasburg, 1862); Reflexions sur VEvangile du Salut (Paris, 1879);
he PSchi et la redemption d'apres Saint Paul (1882) ; Quid de catechismo sentiendum sit (1882) ; La Notion du catechisms (1882); Luther considere comme theologien (1883); La Predestination dans la theologie paulinienne (1884); L'Autorite de Dieu (1892); La Theologie de I'epitre aux Hebreux (1894); La Notion biblique du miracle (1894); Etude sur le dogme de la TrinitS (1898); Du Rapport entre I'histoire sainte et la foi religieuse (1899); Le Salut d'apres Venseignement de Jesus-Christ (1899); La Justification par la foi d'apres Saint Paul et Saint Jacques (1901); Apercu de la theologie d'Auguste Sabatier (1901); Le Fideisme et la notion de la foi (1905); La Religion et la vie sociale (1905); La Mort de Jesus et le dogme de I 'expiation (1905); L'Anti-fideisme (1906); and Une triple distinction thiologique. Observations sur le rapport de la foi religieuse avec la science, I'histoire et la philosophic (1908). He was also one of the founders of the Annates de bibliographic theologique.
MENI: A deity named in the Old Testament only in Isa. lxv. 11 (A.V. " that number," margin " Meni "; R.V. " Destiny," margin " Meni ") as worshiped by idolatrous Israelites. Light is thrown on the subject by the etymology (Hebr. manah, " to number," Arab. " to apportion "), by the occurrence in Arabic of the feminine form Manat, one of the daughters of Allah (Koran, liii. 20), and by the use of the Arabic maniyya, " fate " (cf. the Nabataean Manawat, " Fates," Wellhausen, Heidentum, pp. 25-29). The word ebedhmeni, " servant of Meni," occurs on Achsemenian coins, and Meni(s) is found as a parallel to Belus fortunm rector, " Bel, controller of fortune," on an altar at Vaison in Provence, in which there seems to be present a reminiscence of the Biblical passage. It is unlikely that Meni is of Babylonian origin, the name not having been found as a god name in the cuneiform inscriptions. He was probably introduced into Palestine by Aramaeans or by the Arabs who began to press in soon after the exile. The plausible suggestion has been made that as Gad was the deity of (good) fortune, Meni is the controller of misfortune. The equation Meni-Ishtar- Venus is probably ruled out by the sex of Meni. The name was misunderstood by Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion, and Jerome. Geo. W. Gilmoee.
MENIUS, m^'ni-us, JUSTUS (JODOCUS MENIG): German Reformer; b. at Fulda Dec. 13, 1499; d. at Leipsic Aug. 11, 1558. In 1514, at the age of fifteen, he entered the University of Erfurt, where he cemented friendship with such humanists as Mutianus, Crotus, Eoban Hess, and others. Joachim Camerarius taught him Greek. At the suggestion of Melanchthon, whose pupil he became, he went in 1519 to Wittenberg. After Luther's return from the Wart burg he enjoyed his personal friendship. In 1523 he was appointed vicar at Mtihlberg near Erfurt, but in 1525 resigned his position and went to Erfurt to teach. In the same year he became pastor of the Church of St. Thomas in Erfurt. But soon the council of the town changed its attitude toward the Reformation. In 1525, after the end of the Peasants' War, Roman Catholic clergymen and
Menius Mennonites