THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
bishop is considered as forming the center of the unity of the congregation. A higher ecclesiastical unity is concentrated in the metropolitan and the synod, a still higher in the entire episcopate and the highest in the Roman primacy, the development of which by gradual steps is proved from the historical conditions of antiquity and Medievalism. The work did not escape giving offense in Roman Catholic circles, but it established the fame of the young man. It was followed in the next year by another large work, Athanasius der Grosse und die Kirche seiner Zcit, besonders im Kampf mit dem Arianismus (Mainz, 1827; 2d ed., 1844), which proved to be in perfect harmony with the views of the Roman Catholic Church, offering a picture of the labors and struggles of the Church in the fourth century. In 1827 the author was appointed professor of church history at Tubingen. His lectures drew large audiences, and exercised great influence. Nevertheless, his Kirchengeschichte (published by P. B. Gams, 3 vols., Regensburg, 1867-70) is not his chief work. He felt that Roman Catholic theology was sorely in need of a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the principles of the Reformation, and of the divergencies between Romanism and Protestantism, and after an exhaustive study of the symbolical books of the two confessions, he published his Symbolik oder Darstellung der dogmatischen Gegensdtze der Katholiken und Protestanten (Mainz, 1832; 5th ed., enlarged and improved by Reithmayer, 1838; 7th ed., 1864, Eng. transl. by J. R. Robertson, Symbolism, or Exposition of the Doctrinal Differences between Catholics and Protestants as evidenced by their Symbolical Writings, 2 vols., London, 1843; 5th ed., 1 vol., 1906). There is considerable idealization in his representation of Romanism; and his representation of Protestantism is not altogether free from caricature. The sensation which the work produced was great, even among Protestants. F. C. Baur wrote against it (Der Gegensatz des Katholicismus und Protestantismus, Tubingen, 1834), as well as C. I. Nitzsch (Eine protestantische Beantwortung der Symbolik Mohlers, Hamburg, 1835), and others. Mohler answered in Neue Untersuchungen der Lehrgegensdtze zwischen Katholiken und Protestanten (Mainz, 1834); and a protracted controversy began. This controversy, especially with his colleague, F. C. Baur, made his stay in Tubingen unpleasant, and in 1835 he accepted a call to Munich. The climate of that place did not agree with his constitution, and his health failed. Shortly before his death he retired to Wiirzburg as dean of the chapter.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: A life by Reithmayer was prefixed to the 5th ed. of the" Symbolik, Mainz, 1838, and a sketch by the same author is in KL, viii. 1677-1689. Other lives are by B. Wormer, Regensburg, 1866; J. Friedrich, Munich, 1894; A. Knopfer, ib. 1896; L. Monastier, Lausanne, 1897.
MOELLER, mul'er, CHRISTEN VILHELM VIC- TOR: Danish bishop; b. in Copenhagen May 29, 1845. He was educated at the Aalborg Skole (B.A., 1863) and the University of Copenhagen (candidate in theology, 1868) ; became chaplain in Ringsted and Benlose, 1869, and in Copenhagen, 1874, in the latter place instituting services for children
at Bethesda, 1877; was made censor, 1883, and later became examiner in religious branches at teachers' examinations; edited the weekly Saedemanden, 1879-83; became provost at Copenhagen, 1883, in Gamborg on Fttnen, 1891, at Slagelse, 1896; was appointed bishop of Aalborg, 1905. His most important works (text-books) are: Bibelhistorie for Seminarier og hojere Skoler (1891); Bibelhistorie for Folkeskolen (1892); Ldrebog i Bibelhistorien for Elementarskoler (5th ed., 1896) ; Denforste Vejledning i Luther s Kile Katekismus (1897). Along exegetical lines mention may be made of Salomos Hojsang i bibelsk Sammenhdng forklaret (1896); Guds Oprindelige Aabenbaring. En Fortolkning for lage Kristne til forste Mosebogs tre forste Kapitler, sdrlig afpasset efter Lareres og Larerinders Tarv i Folkeskolen (1892). John O. Evjen.
MOELLER, ERNST WILHELM : German church historian, son of Johann Friedrich Moller (q.v.); b. at Erfurt Oct. 1, 1827; d. at Kiel Jan. 8, 1892. He studied at the cathedral gymnasium in Magdeburg, at the University of Berlin, at Halle, and at Bonn. Returning home, he preached, held Bible classes in the Young Men's Association, and occupied himself with a thorough study of Origen and Gregory of Nyssa. For the continuation of these studies he returned to Halle, where he published Gregorii Nysseni doctrina de hominis natura et illustravit et cum Origeniana comparavit (Halle, 1854), on the basis of which he established himself in 1854 as privat-docent in Halle, just at the time when Baur and Zeller had started their revolutionary methods in theological science, and he was led to oppose their methods and conclusions. He lectured on the New Testament, on the early history of the Church, on the history of dogma, and later also on the church history of the Middle Ages. In 1862 he was called to the congregation of Grumbach, a little village in the ecclesiastical district of Langensalza, and about 1869 he received a similar position in Oppin near Halle. In 1873 he was appointed professor of church history in Kiel, where he lectured on church history and the history of dogmas for almost twenty years. He distinguished himself not so much by special researches in church history as by a comprehensive grasp of its whole sphere, which enabled him to become one of the most efficient and many-sided collaborators on the second edition of the Herzog Realencyklopadie (for which he wrote sixty-three articles, mainly on the history of dogma in the early Church), and one of the most respected contributors to theological periodicals. Theologically and ecclesiastically he was a representative of the German " mediating theology." His first comprehensive work was Geschichte der Kosmologie in der griechischen Kirche bis auf Origenes (Halle, 1860). But his principal work is his thorough and scholarly life of Osiander which appeared as the fifth part in Leben und ausgewdhlte Schriften der Vdter und Begriinder der lur therischen Kirche (Elberfeld, 1870). In the later years of his life he published his Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (vol. i., Die alte Kirche, 1889, 2d ed., by H. von Schubert, 1902; vol. ii., Das Mittelalter, 1891, 2d ed., 1893; vol. iii., Reformation und Ge-