THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Andrew and Philip, Brotherhood or; Asceticism; Methodists; Protestant Episcopalians.
(G. GrtJtzmacher.)
Bibliography: A large part of the story of Monasticism is told in the literature under the articles referred to in the text dealing with the persons there mentioned and with the different orders. Consult also the literature under Asceticism. A small group of books of first importance consists of: C. F. de Montalembert, Les Moines de Voccident, 7 vols., Paris, 1860 sqq., Eng. transl., Monks of the West from St. Benedict to St. Bernard, 6 vols., London, 1895; Helyot, Ordres monastiques; O. Zockler, Askese und Monchtum, 2 vols., Frankfort, 1897; J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca orientalis, vol. iii., Rome, 1728; and Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen. Consult further: M. R. A. Henrion, Histoire des ordres religieux, 2 vols., Paris, 1835; T. D. Fosbrooke, British Monachism; or. Manners and Customs of the Monks and Nuns of England, London, 1843; S. Fox, Monks and Monasteries: an Account of English Monasticism, ib. 1845; W. Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, 8 vols., London, 1849; F. S. Merryweather, Bibliomania in the Middle Ages, with Anecdotes Illustrating the Hist, of the Monastic Libraries of Great Britain, ib. 1849; W. J. Mangold, De monachatus originibus et causis, Marburg, 1852; S. P. Day, Monastic Institutions: their Origin, Progress, Nature, and Tendency, London, 1855; W. Reeves, The Culdees of the British Islands, Dublin, 1873 (contains many documents); O. D. T. Hill, English Monasticism, London, 1867 (deals particularly with Benedictine and Franciscan influence on art, literature, and common life); M. E. C. Walcott, Church Life and Work in English Minsters, vol. ii., ib. 1879; P. Ladewig, Poppo von Stablo und die Klosterreformen unter den ersten Saliern, Berlin, 1883; F. Suarez, The Religious State, 3 vols., London, 1SS4; C. Kingsley, The Hermits: their Lives and Works, London, 1885; A. Lindner, Die Aufhebung der Klbster in Deutschtirol, Innsbruck, 1886; E. Amelineau, Etude sur le cenobitisme primitif dans la Haute-Egypte, Cairo, 1887; idem, Histoire des monasteres de la BassejEgypte, Cairo, 1894; E. von Bertouch, Geschichte der Genossenschaften, Wiesbaden, 1888; F. Herve-Bazin, Les Grandes Ordres des femmes, Paris, 1889; F. C. Doyle, Principles of Religious Life, London, 1890; A. Harnack, in GBA, 1891; I. G. Smith, Christian Monasticism from the Fourth to the Ninth Centuries, London, 1892; H. D. M. Spence, Cloister Life in the Days of Cceur de Lion, London, 1892; J. Berthier, L'Etat religieux, La Salette, 1893; J. Sokolow, Zustand des Klosterwesens in der byzantinischen Kirche (824-120/,), Kasan, 1894; E. Spreitzenhofer, Die Entwicklung des alten Monchtums in Italien bis auf Benedikt, Vienna, 1894; T. Kolde, Die kirchlichen Bruderschaften und das religiose Leben im modernen Katholizismus, Erlangen, 1895; L. Eckenstein, Woman under Monasticism, Cambridge, 1896; Mrs. A. Jameson, Legends of the Monastic Orders, many editions, e.g., Boston, 1896; T. W. Allies, The Monastic Life from the Fathers of the Desert to Charlemagne, London, 1896; F. C. Woodhouse, Monasticism, Ancient and Modern, its Principles, Origin, Development, Triumphs, Decadence, and Suppression, London, 1896; E. Marin, De studio casnobio Constantinopolitano, Paris, 1897; idem, Les Moines de Constantinople (330-898), ib. 1897; U. Berliere, Monasticon beige, 2 vols., Bruges, 1897; W. Nissen, Die Regelung des Klosterwesens xm Romaerreiche bis zum Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts, Hamburg, 1897; E. Preuschen, Palladinus und Rufinus. Ein Beitrag zur Quellenkunde des altesten Monchtums, Giessen, 1897; K. Holl, Enthusiasmus und Bussgewalt beim griechischen Monchtum, Leipsic, 1898; D. Bolter, Der Ursprung des Monchtums, Freiburg, 1900; A. Harnack, Monasticism: its Ideals and History, London, 1901 ; F. M. Keele, The Convents of Great Britain, London, 1902; H. J. Feasey! Monasticism: what is it? St. Louis, 1902; A. W Wisharti A Short History of Monks and Monasteries, Trenton, 1902; J. O. Hannay, Spirit and Origin of Christian Monasticism', London, 1903; idem, The Wisdom of the Desert, London, 1904; J. Hocart, Le Monachisme. Ses origines paiennes, 1-ans, 1903; W. Humphrey, Elements of Religious Life, London, 1903; J. Jaeger, Klosterleben im Mittelalter, Wurzburg, 1903; F. M. Steele, Anchoresses in the West London, 1903; F. A. Gasquet, The Old English Bibles and Other Essays, London, 1897; idem, English Monastic Life, London, 1904; idem, Henry VIII. and the English
Monasteries, new ed., New York, 1906; C. E. Hooykaas, Oud christelijke Ascese, Leyden, 1905; J. von Walter, Die ersten Wanderprediger Frankreichs. Studien zur Geschichte des Monchtums, Leipsic, 1906; E. A. W. Budge The Paradise or Garden of the Holy Fathers; being Histories of the Anchorites, Recluses, Monks, Cainobites, and ascetic Fathers of the Deserts of Egypt 250-400, compiled by Athanasius . , Palladius . . , St. Jerome and
Others, 2 vols., London and New York, 1909; A. Savine, English Monasteries on the Eve of the Dissolution, New York, 1910; S. Schiwietz, Das morgenlandische Monchtum, Mainz, 1904; Schaff, Christian Church, v. i., pp. 308-426; and, in general, the works on the history of the Church in all periods.