THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
divine Logos directed necessarily the decision toward the selection of the good. Maximus was not afraid of saying that the God-man had, according to his nature, a human will, but according to his essence, a divine one. This statement is hard to reconcile with the Scriptural passages adduced to prove the duality of the will (John i. 43, v. 21, xvii. 24, xix. 28; Matt, xxvii. 34; Luke xiii. 24); it shows how close Maximus approached Monothelite terminology. See Christology, V., § 2. (G. Khuger.)
Bibliography: Sources are: The acts of the Lateran and other synods and councils mentioned in the text, for which consult Mansi, Concilia, vols, x.— xi., and Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, books xvi.-xvii. in the Ger. and Fr. (vol. iii.) and in Eng. (vol. v.); Collectanea ad Joannem diaconum, most convenient in MPL, exxix. 561-690; the Opera of Maximus the Confessor, also convenient in MPG, xc— xci.; the Chronikon paschale, in MPG, xcvii.; the Historia syntomoa of the Patriarch Nicephorus, ed. C. de Boor, Leipsic, 1880; the Chronographia of Theophanes, ed. De Boor, ib. 1883-85; the Vita Maximi Confessoris, in MPG, xc. 67-110. Earlier discussions of note are: F. Combefis, Auctarium novum, ii. 1-198, Paris, 1648; J. B. Tamagnini, Hist. Monotheletarum, ib. 1678; C. W. F. Walch, Historis der Ketzereien, ix. 1-666, Leipsic, 1780. Of modern discussions not to be overlooked is G. Owsepian, Die Entstehungsgeschichte des Monothelitismus, Leipsic, 1897. Consult further: F. C. Baur, Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit und Menschwerdung Gottes, ii. 96—128, Tubingen, 1842; I. A. Dorner, Development of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ, 5 vols., Edinburgh, 1862; O. Bardenhewer, in TQ, lxxviii (1896), 353-401; Krumbacher, Geschichte, pp. 946-959; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, vol. ii., chap, v., London, 1894. The subject is, of course, treated in the works on the church history of the period, e.g., Sohaff, Christian Church, iv. 489-511; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 175-197; and in those on the history of dogma, e.g., Harnaok, Dogma, vols, iii.-v. Note also the works given under Christology.
For the relation of Honorius to the discussion and the consequent debate in its bearing upon infallibility see the literature under Honoritjb, and P. Bottata, Pope Honorius before the Tribunal of Reason and History, London, 1868; G. Schneemann, Studien uber die Honorius frage, Freiburg, 1868; J. von Hefele, Honorius und das sechste allgemeine Condi, Tubingen, 1870, Eng. transl., in Presbyterian Quarterly and Presbyterian Review, Apr., 1872; J. Pennachi, De Honorii 1. . . causa in concilia VI., Rome, 1870; P. Le P. Renouf, The Condemnation of Pope Honorius, London, 1868; idem, The Case of Honorius Reconsidered, ib. 1870; J. J. I. von Dollinger, Fables Respecting the Popes in the Middle Ages, pp. 223-248, New York, 1872.
MONSELL, JOHN SAMUEL BEWLEY: English hymnist; b. at St. Columb's (1 m. n.e. of Londonderry), Ireland, Mar. 2, 1811; d. at Guildford, Surrey, England, Apr. 9, 1875. He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin (B.A., 1832; LL.B. and LL.D., 1856); was ordained deacon in 1834, and priest 1835; was successively chaplain to Bishop Mant, chancellor of the diocese of Connor, and rector of Ramoan; and became vicar of Egham, Surrey, 1853, and rural dean; then rector of St. Nicholas, Guildford, 1870. His verse has been drawn upon largely for hymnological collections. He was the author of Hymns and Miscellaneous Poems (Dublin, 1837); Parish Musings, in Verse (London, 1850); Verses Addressed to the Cross (1854); His Presence, not his Memory (1855); Spiritual Songs for Sundays and Holidays throughout the Year (1857) ; The Beatitudes, Sermons (1861); Hymns of Love and Praise for the Church's Year (1863); The Passing Bell and Other Poems (1866); Our New Vicar, or Plain Words on Ritual and Parish Work (1867); Lights and Shadows (1868); Teachings of the Epiph-
any (1871); Watches by the Cross (1874); Simon the Cyrenian, and Other Poems (1876). He edited also The Parish Hymnal (1873). Among his individual hymns are " Earth below is teeming" and " Holy offerings rich and rare."
Bibliography: DNB, xxxviii. 192-193; S. W. Duffield, English Hymns, p. 235 et passim, New York, 1886; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 762-763, 1673-74.
MONSTRANCE. See Vessels, Sacred, § 3.
MONTAGU (MOUNTAGUE), RICHARD: Church of England bishop; b. at Dorney (26 m. w. of London) in Buckinghamshire, during Christmastide, 1577; d. at Norwich Apr. 13, 1641. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge (B.A., 1598; M.A., 1602; and B.D., 1609). He received the living at Wooten Courtney, 1610; was made rector at Stanford Rivers, Essex, and fellow of Eton, 1611; dean of Hereford, 1616; canon of Windsor, 1617; and archdeacon of Hereford the same year. Throughout life Montagu was continuously active as pamphleteer and controversialist, aiming, as he professed, to support the Church of England against its enemies on both sides. His Diatribm (London, 1621) in defense of tithes threw him into the brunt of popular controversy. The Immediate Address unto God Alone (1624) brought upon him the charge of advocating prayer to saints and angels. This he answered with his Apello Cwsarem (1625) in which he sought to vindicate himself against the charge of Arminianism and popery. It was issued without license; and in 1626 the House of Commons petitioned the king that the book be burned and the author fitly punished. In 1628 he was elected bishop of Chichester. He was strenuously opposed by the Presbyterian tendency, but applied himself assiduously to the promotion of his diocese and, in 1638, was elected bishop of Norwich. He bore the reputation of great scholarship and left besides his controversial works: Eusebii de demonstratione evangelica (Paris, 1628); Apparatus ad origines ecclesiasticas (Oxford, 1635) ; De originibus ecclesiasticis (London, 1636, 1640); and The Acts and Monuments of the Church before Christ Incarnate (1642).
Bibliography: J. H. Overton, The Church in England, ii. 43-56, 59, London, 1897; W. A. Shaw, Hist, of the English Church, 1640-60, i. 323, ii. 412, 430, New York, 1900; W. H. Hutton, The English Church {1625-1714), London, 1903; DNB, xxxviii. 266-270.
MONTALEMBERT, men"ta"lan"bar', CHARLES FORBES RENE, COUNT DE TRYON: French Roman Catholic; b. at London Apr. 15, 1810; d. at Paris Mar. 12, 1870. After receiving his education at the College Sainte Barbe, already imbued with liberal Roman Catholic principles, he became associated with Lamennais and Lacordaire (qq.v.) in Paris about 1830; in 1832, when the encyclical of Aug. 15 condemned Lamennais and his friends, Montalembert reluctantly parted company with him, and made his formal submission to Cardinal Pacca Dec. 8, 1834. He then spent several years in Italy and Germany, devoting himself particularly to the study of early legend and religious art, primarily of the medieval period. The results were his Histoire de Sainte Elisabeth d'Hongrie (Paris,