RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Monte Cassmo Montfauoon
these being Albanians or Serbs. From 1516 to 1852, the bishop or metropolitan held the additional title of prince, there being at the same time a governor of temporal and military affairs. The bishop was long elected by popular vote; but from the time of Daniel I. (1697-1737) the office has been hereditary, needing, however, the confirmation of the Servian patriarch at Ipek, later at Carlovitz, while beginning with the eighteenth century the Czar of Russia became the recognized head. The metropolitan of the capital city, Cetinje, retains a merely qualified influence. As supreme head of the ninety parishes of the land, whose precincts chiefly coincide with those of the temporal districts, he controls most of the parochial clergy as priests; but there are also thirteen small cloisters, whose monks also exercise pastoral duties. The popular education is backward; even the regulation as to a general four years' course of obligatory schooling is far from thoroughly carried out. There are three intermediate schools, and a girls' seminary and boarding-school at Cetinje, established by Russian contributions. The Roman Catholic faith has a considerable following in the southern districts, where they number about 8,000. The Roman Catholics are affiliated, in the main, to the archbishop of Antivari; save the more scattered ones northward, to the bishop of Cattaro. Their pastoral care is committed almost entirely to Franciscans. The Catholic Church became a nationally recognized religious community in Montenegro by the Concordat of 1886 (see Concordats and Delimiting Bulls, VI., 2, § 8, 4), and Catholics again enjoy the advantages of the civil code of 1888. The Mohammedans, since conditions are less favorable to them, emigrate more and more to Turkey. W Gotz.
Bibliography: W. Denton, Montenegro, its People and their History, London, 1877; P. Coquelle, Hist, du Montenegro, Paris, 1895; W. Miller, The Balkans, New York, 1898; L. Passarge, Dalmatien und Montenegro, Leipsic, 1904; R. Wyon, The Balkans from within, London, 1904 .
MONTES PIETATIS: Institutions for the relief of the poor on the principle of the pawnshop, but designed to protect their patrons against usury, though a certain interest was charged to cover expenses. Primarily religious institutions, the monies pietatis later became secularized. They originated in Italy, where the cardinal of Ostia established one at Orvieto in 1463, which was confirmed by Pius II. Leo X., by the constitution Inter multiplices at the tenth session of the fifth Lateran Council (May 4, 1515), gave general approval to the monies pietatis and declared their opponents excommunicated. They soon spread to Lombardy and the continental possessions of Venice, and thence reached France, Germany, Holland, England, and other countries. [In New York these institutions are represented by the Provident Loan Society, which has been very successful.] (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: H. Holzapfel, Die Anfange der Montes pietatis, Munich, 1903; W. Endemann, in Jahrbilcher filr Nationalokonomie, i (1863), 324 sqq.; idem, Studien in der romanisch-kanonistischen Wirtschafts- und Rechtslehre, i. 460 sqq., Berlin, 1874.
MONTFAUCON, men"fo"c5n', BERNARD DE: French Maurist; b. at Soulatge (department of Aude, just east of Toulouse, France) Jan. 16, 1655;
d. at Paris Dec. 21, 1741. A scion of a noble family, he entered the army in 1672, serving in Turenne's campaign against Germany until 1674. Resuming his studies, he made his profession in the Maurist congregation on May 13, 1676, and after being stationed at Soreze, La Grasse, and Bordeaux, he was sent, in 1687, to Saint-Germain des Pr6s, the scientific center of his order, where he devoted himself primarily to editing Greek Church Fathers. He published, with the collaboration of J. Lopin and A. Pouget, a single volume of a projected Analecta Grceca sive varia opuscula Grceca hactenus non edita (Paris, 1688), which he followed by his La Verity de I'histoire de Judith (1690). After publishing the best edition of Athanasius thus far made — Athanasii archiepiscopi Alexandrini opera omnia (3 vols., Paris, 1698), he went, with his fellow Maurist Paul Briois, to Italy, since the manuscripts at Paris were inadequate for his plans. While at Rome, and being for a period the administrator of his congregation, he wrote his anonymous Vindicioe editionis Sancti Augustini a Benedictinis adornatce (Rome, 1699) in answer to Jesuit critics. In 1701 he returned to Paris, where his interests ranged over the literature and all other remains of classical antiquity, as evinced by his Diarium Italicum, sive monumentorum veterum, bibliothecarum, musaorum, etc. Notitim singulares (Paris, 1702; Eng. transl., The Travels of Father Montfauoon from Paris through Italy , London, 1712). In his Palaographia Graca (Paris, 1708) he laid the foundations of the science of paleography, while in his Bibliotheca Coisliniana olim Segueriana (1715) and his Bibliotheca biblioihecarum manuscriptorum nova (1739) he proved his ability as a bibliographer. In his Collectio nova patrum el scriptorum Gracorum (2 vols., Paris, 1706) he published much unedited material, including the commentaries of Eusebius on the Psalms and Isaiah, minor writings of Athanasius, and the Christian geography of Cosmas Indicopleustes. This was followed by an edition of the fragments of the Hexapla — Hexaplorum Origenis qua supersunt (2 vols., Paris, 1713; superseded by the work of Frederick Field, q.v.); as well as by a complete edition of Chrysostom (Joannis Chrysostomi opera omnia, 13 vols., Paris, 1734-41). Montfaucon's classical interests found expression in his L'Antiquite expliquee et representee en figures (10 vols., Paris, 1719; 5 supplementary vols., 1724; Eng. transl., Antiquity Explained and Represented in Sculptures, 10 vols., London, 1821-25), in which he considered the mythology, religion, and private and social life of the Greeks and Romans, with an account of the religious monuments of the Egyptians, Arabs, Syrians, Persians, Scythians, Germans, Gauls, Spaniards, and Carthaginians. The work was continued for France in his Les Monumens de la monarchie frangoise (5 vols., Paris, 1729-33; partial Eng. transl., A Description of the Basso Relievos , London, 1767), of which only the first section, comprising the dynastic monuments to Henry IV., appeared. Among the other works of Montfaucon, who became a member of the Academie des inscriptions et belles lettres in 1719, special mention may be made of his Le Livre de Philon de la
Montgomery Moody