THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
[VOLUMES I— VI]
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
{Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
{Department of Minor Denominations)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
Complete in twelve Dolumea
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON
THE NEW
SCHAFMERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE 60LE ASSISTANCE, AFTER VOLUME VI., OF
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editor)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KIM CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denomination*)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
{Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
$H&
VOLUME VIII IflQRALITY^PETERSEN
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Copyright, 1910, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England
Printed in the United States of America Published October, 1910
EDITORS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief. ) Professor of Church History, New York University.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editor.) New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME VIII
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology.)
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological
Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations.)
Secretary of Executive Committee of the Western Section for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) Rector of St. Ambrose's, New York City.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionaby, etc..
New York City.
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament.)
Professor of Oriental Languages, University College,
Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History, Southwestern Baptist
Theological Seminary, Waco, Tex.
CONTKIBUTOKS AND COLLABOKATOKS, VOLUME VIII
ERNST CHRISTIAN ACHELIS, Th.D.,
Professor of Practical Theology, University of Marburg. HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Theology, University of Halle.
WILLIAM ADAMSON, D.D.,
Pastor of the Carver Memorial Church, Windermere, England.
BENJAMIN WISNER BACON, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D.,
Professor of New Testament Exegesis, Yale Divinity School.
FERENCZ BALOGH,
Professor of Church History, Reformed Theological Academy, Debreczin, Hungary.
ANTON CHRISTIAN BANG, Ph.D.,
Bishop in Christiania.
HERMANN GEORG JULIUS BECK,
Consistorial Councilor and First Preacher, Baireuth.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Konigsberg.
IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF
BENZINGER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.
CARL ALBRECHT BERNOULLI, Th.Lic,
Author at Arlesheim, near Basel.
CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,
Pastor at St. Michael's, Hamburg.
HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.
AMY GASTON CHARLES AUGUSTE BONET-MAURY, D.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Church History, Independent School of Divinity, Paris.
GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Gottingen. GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Retired Pastor, Stuttgart.
VI
CONTRIBUTORS AND COLLABORATORS, VOLUME VIII
ALBERT BRACKMANN, Ph.D.,
Professor of History, University of Marburg.
CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D., Litt.D.,
Professor of Theological Encyclopaedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
THEODOR PAUL OSKAR ARTHUR VON BROECKER, Th.D.,
Chief Pastor of Jacobikirche, Hamburg.
KARL BURGER (f), Th.D.,
Late Supreme Consistorial Councilor, Munich.