RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
More Morgan
landlords were raising rents, establishing sheep farms, and evicting husbandmen. The sufferers must steal to live; and then the law hanged them. All this was to make thieves first and then punish them with a penalty too severe for the offense. More advised Hythloday to enter the service of some prince. But the latter replied that it would be futile; princes were too bent on enlarging their dominions and governed for their own ambition, not the good of their subjects; moreover, they would not listen to his remedy, which was community of goods. More expressed doubts of the remedy, and Hythloday replied that it worked in Utopia, an island which he had visited in his travels. Then follows the description of Utopia (equivalent to " Nowhere "; from Gk. ou, " not," and topos, " place ") in the second book. It is an ideal commonwealth (in Hythloday's estimation) where vices do not flourish and poverty is unknown because there is no private property and no money. Agriculture is the chief industry and all persons work. Sanitary conditions are carefully looked after in the cities. Magistrates are elected. Meals are enjoyed at a table common to thirty families. Travel is not permitted without leave of the magistrate. War is considered inglorious, but is waged in self-defense, and then they think it more creditable to conquer by guile than by prowess. Prisoners of war and those guilty of moral offenses are made slaves. There is religious toleration with slight restriction. The book is a keen satire on social and economic conditions. Certain it is that judged by his other writings and his practise More's political philosophy was not that of Utopia. In the book itself he counsels Hythloday so to order " that which you can not turn to good that it be not very bad. For it were not possible for all things to be well unless all men were good. Which I think will not be yet this good many years." The Utopia was written in Latin; translations were issued as follows: French, Paris, 1550, 2d ed., Lyons, 1559; others, Amsterdam, 1643 and 1715, Paris, 1780; English, by Ralph Robinson, London, 1551; by Gilbert Burnet, 1684; by Arthur Cayley, London, 1808; and by V. Paget, New York, 1909; German, Basel, 1524; Leipsic, 1753, 1846; Italian, Venice, 1548; Dutch, Antwerp, 1553, 1562; Spanish, Madrid, 1790.
More's nephew, William Rastell, published a collected edition of his English writings at London, 1557. His Latin works were collected at Basel, 1563, more fully, Louvain, 1565, and most complete collection of all at Frankfort and Leipsic, 1689. Bibliography: The original Life was by William Roper (More's son-in-law), The Life, Arraignement, and Death of . Syr Thomas More, Paris, 1626, later editions, London, 1716, 1729, 1886 (in the Camelot Classics, prefixed to the Utopia); another was by C. More (the scholar's great-grandson), London, 1626; T. Stapleton's Tres Thomce, Douay, 1588, is valuable. Original and valuable material is found in the Epistles of Erasmus. The best modern account is by T. E. Bridgett, London, 1891. Other lives or sketches are: J. Hoddesdon, London, 1652; G. T. von Rudhart, Nuremberg, 1829; W. J. Walter, London, 1840; J. Mackintosh, ib. 1844; C. Wordsworth, in Christian Ecclesiastical Biography, 4 vols., ib. 1853; F. Seebohm, in Oxford Reformers of 1498, ib., 1867, new ed., 1896; D. Nisard, in Etudes sur le renaissance, Paris, 1877; J. H. Marsden, Philomorus, London, 1878; R. Baumstark, Freiburg, 1879; A.M. Stewart, London, 1887; T.Ziegler, T. Morua und seine Schrift von der Insel Utopia, Stras-
burg, 1889; W. H. Hutton, London, 1895; Story of Blessed Thomas More, by a Nun of Tyburn Convent, ib. 1908; DNB, xxxviii. 428-449.
MOREL AND, WILLIAM HALL: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Sacramento; b. at Charleston, S. C, Apr. 9, 1861. He was graduated from the University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. (1881), and at Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn. (1884). He was ordered deacon in the same year and was advanced to the priesthood in 1885. After being curate of Christ Church, Hartford, Conn. (1884-85), he was rector of the Church of the Good Shepherd, Nashua, Vt. (1885-93) and of St. Luke's, San Francisco, Cal. (1893-98). In 1898 he was consecrated first bishop of Sacramento. He has written What is Christianity? (Milwaukee, 1887), and The Church or the Churches, Which f (1894).
MORELSCHIKI, mo"-rel-tshi'ki (" Immolators ") : A fanatical dissenting sect of Siberia and other parts of Russia, so called from their practise of voluntary suicide in a pit filled with combustibles on fire. Such a death is believed to insure a happy immortality. The ceremony of self-immolation takes place once a year in a retired spot.
MORGAN, GEORGE CAMPBELL: English Congregationalist; b. at Tetbury (22 m. n.e. of Bristol), Gloucestershire, Dec. 9, 1863. He was educated at the Douglas School, Cheltenham, from which he was graduated in 1881, and after teaching in the Islington Wesleyan day schools in Birmingham in 1882, and being master in the Jewish Collegiate School, Birmingham (1883-86), was a mission preacher (1886-88). In 1889 he was ordained to the ministry of his denomination, and held pastorates at Stone, Staffordshire (1889-91), Rugeley, Staffordshire (1891-93), Westminster Road, Birmingham (1893-97), and New Court, Tollington Park, London (1897-1901). He was then Northfield Bible Conference Extension lecturer from 1901 to 1904, and since 1904 has been pastor of the Westminster Congregational Chapel, Buckingham Gate, London. He has written: Discipleship (London, 1897); The Hidden Years at Nazareth (1898); God's Methods with Man (1898); Wherein? (1898); Life's Problems (1899) ; The Spirit of God (1900); The Ten Commandments (1901); God's Perfect Will (1901); A First Century Message to Twentieth Century Christians (1902); True Estimate of Life and How to Live (1903); Evangelism (1904); Crises of the Christ (1905); To Die is Gain (1905); The Fulfillment of Life (1905); The Practice of Prayer (1906) ; The Parables of the Kingdom (1907); The Simple Things of the Christian Life (1907); Christian Principles (1908); The Missionary Manifesto (1909); and The Teaching of the Lesson; Commentary on the International Sunday School Lessons for 1910 (1909).
MORGAN, THOMAS: English Deist; d. 1743. He was of Welsh descent and was educated at the expense of his friends. In 1716 he became pastor of a Presbyterian church at Marlborough, Wiltshire. Though very orthodox at the time, he soon after adopted Arian views, and was dismissed. He then took up the study of medicine, practised in Bristol,
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