THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Comber (8 m. s.e. of Belfast), Ireland, Jan. 12, 180S; d. at Belfast Apr. 19, 1896. He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin (A.B., 1833); became minister at Ballyshannon, 1836; classical head master at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, 1S41; and professor of Hebrew, Presbyterian College, Belfast, 1847. He was the author of A Latin Grammar (London, 1847); A Hebrew Grammar (1857); Nineteen Impossibilities of Part First of Colenso on the Pentateuch Shown to be Possible; with a Critique on Part Two (Belfast, 1863); The Human Mind; A System of Human Philosophy (London, 1873); the volume on Chronicles in Handbooks for Bible Classes (Edinburgh, 1879); Sacrifice as set forth in Scripture; The Carey Lectures for 1888 (London, 1889). He was also the author of commentaries on Genesis (Edinburgh, 1864); Exodus (1866); Leviticus (1872); Psalms (1875); Revelation (London, 1882); and Daniel (1884); he translated C. F. Keil's commentary on Kings (Edinburgh, 1857) ; and assisted in the translation of E. W Hengstenberg's commentary on Ezekiel (1869); he also translated, enlarged, and edited O. Zockler's commentary on Chronicles (1880).
MURRAY, JOHN: Founder of the Universalist denomination in America; b. in Alton (15 m. n.e. of Winchester), Hampshire, Eng., Dec. 10, 1741; d. in Boston, Mass., Sept. 3, 1815. His father was an Anglican and his mother a Presbyterian, both strict Calvinists, and his home life was attended by religious severity. In 1751 the family settled near Cork, Ireland. In 1760 Murray returned to England and joined Whitefield's congregation; but embracing, somewhat later, the Universalistic teachings of James Relly (q.v.) he was excommunicated. In 1770 he emigrated to America, and preached, as a Universalist minister, his first sermon in Good Luck, N. J., Sept. 30, 1770, which place he made his home till 1774, itinerating from Virginia to New Hampshire. In 1774 he settled at Gloucester, Mass., and established a congregation there. He was suspected of being a British spy, but in 1775 was chaplain of the Rhode Island Brigade before Boston. He participated in the first general Universalist Convention at Oxford, Mass., September, 1785. On Oct. 23, 1793, he became pastor of the Universalist society of Boston, and faithfully served it until Oct. 19, 1809, when paralysis compelled him to give up preaching. He was a man of great courage and eloquence, and in the defense of his views endured much detestation and abuse. In regard to Christ, he taught that in him God became the Son; for " God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, are no more than different exhibitions of the selfsame existent, omnipresent Being." He taught that all men would ultimately be saved through the sacrifice of Christ, the basis for this being the union of all men in Christ, just as they were united with Adam, and therefore partaking of the benefits of his sacrifice. He was also a writer of hymns and a compiler of hymnals.
Bibliography: Sources are his own Letters and Sketches of Sermons, 3 vols., Boston, 1812; Autobiography, continued by his wife, ib. 1816, centenary ed., 1870. Consult: R.
Eddy, in American Church History Series, x. 388 sqq., New York, 1S94.
MURRAY, NICHOLAS: Presbyterian controversialist; b. at Ballynaskeagh (26 m. s.w. of Belfast), Ireland, Dec. 25, 1803; d. at Elizabethtown, N. J., Feb. 4, 1861. He emigrated to America 1818; was employed as printer by Harper & Brothers. Brought up a Roman Catholic, he was in 1820 converted to Protestantism, and, after graduation at Williams College (1826) and at Princeton Theological Seminary (1829) became a Presbyterian pastor, first at Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1829, and from 1834 till his death at Elizabethtown, N. J. In 1849 he was moderator of the (Old School) General Assembly. His fame rests upon his able and witty Letters to the Right Rev. John Hughes, Roman-Catholic Bishop of New York (3 series, New York, 1847^8, revised ed., 1855), a keen exposure of certain abuses in the Church of Rome abroad. These letters appeared in the New- York Observer, over the signature of " Kirwan," since he, like Kirwan (q.v.) was a convert. They attracted wide notice at the time, and made his name a household word. They have been translated into several languages. He addressed another series to Chief Justice Taney, published in 1852 under the title Romanism at Home (1852). He also wrote Notes, Historical and Biographical, concerning Elizabethtown (Elizabethtown, 1844); Men and Things as I saw them in Europe (1853) ; Parish and Other Pencilling s (1854); Preachers and Preaching (1860); and a volume of sermons, A Dying Legacy to the People of my Beloved Charge (1861). Bibliography: S. I. Prime, Memoirs of the Rev. Nicholas
Murray, New York, 1862.
MURRHONITES. See Celestines.
MUSAEUS, mu-se'us, JOHANN : Lutheran theologian and controversialist; b. at Langewiesen (27 m. s.e. of Gotha), Thuringia, Feb. 7, 1613; d. at Jena May 4, 1681. He studied philosophy and the humanities at Erfurt and Jena, but afterward devoted himself to theology at the latter university, where he became professor of history in 1643 and of theology in 1646. Equipped with a thorough philosophical training, he speedily vindicated the application of philosophy to theology against the disciples of rigid Lutheran orthodoxy and advocated a careful distinction between creed and theology, maintaining that theological investigation should be unrestricted. His philosophical training and energy enabled him to enter into disputes with opponents not only of Lutheranism, but also of Christianity and religion. Thus he wrote against Lord Herbert of Cherbury his De luminis natures insufficientia ad salutem (Jena, 1668), based upon the thesis that natural theology is insufficient for the sinner because it knows nothing of atonement for sins; and attacked Matthias Knutzen in his Ablehnung der ausgesprengten abscheulichen Verleumdung, ob ware in Jena eine neue Secte der
sogenannten Gewissener entstanden (1674). He also polemized against the Jesuits, first against Veit Erbermann concerning the Bible of Duke Ernest the Pious in his Biblia Lutheri auspiciis Ernesti ducis glossis ac interpretationibus illustrata —